Chemical Ecology

Anne-GenevieÌve Bagnères is Director of Research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Her scientific interests are chemical communication and the evolutionary ecology of insects and, more specifically, social insects. She is the leader of a group of more than 250 French researchers (MediatEC) specialized in chemical ecology. She is a long-time member of the ISCE (International Society of Chemical Ecology).Martine Hossaert-McKey is a senior scientist at CEFE-CNRS, and a Scientific Deputy Director of the CNRS-Institute Ecology Environment. A specialist in chemical ecology, she works on the intricate sets of co-evolved interactions between fig species, their species-specific pollinators, their parasites and seed-dispersers.

• Foreword  xiStéphanie THIÉBAULT and Françoise GAILLIntroduction  xiiiAnne-Geneviève BAGNÈRES and Martine HOSSAERT-MCKEYChapter 1. Biodiversity and Chemical Mediation  1Bertrand SCHATZ, Doyle MCKEY and Thierry PÉREZ1.1. Systematic and integrative taxonomy from chemical ecology  21.2. Scent communication between sexual partners  41.3. Scent communication between species 61.4. Chemical mimicry, to enhance reproduction 81.5. A dialog that sometimes evolves into an interaction network 101.6. Conclusions 181.7. Bibliography  18Chapter 2. Chemical Ecology: An Integrative and Experimental Science  23Anne-Marie CORTESERO, Magali PROFFIT, Christophe DUPLAIS and Frédérique VIARD2.1. Semiochemicals  232.2. Chemical ecology in multitrophic networks and co-evolution between species  282.3. Contribution of chemical ecology to the study of tropical plant diversification  322.4. When chemical ecology sheds light on the process of biological invasion – an example demonstratingintegration between chemistry and ecology  362.5. Protection is in the air: how plants defend themselves against phytophagous insects through VOC emissions  402.6. Conclusions 432.7. Bibliography  43Chapter 3. Scents in the Social Life of Non-Human and Human Primates 47Marie CHARPENTIER, Guillaume ODONNE and Benoist SCHAAL3.1. Primate societies and their complex systems of communication  473.2. The role of odors in human communication  533.2.1. Human odors convey a large panel of cues  533.2.2. Body odors reflect internal states 553.2.3. What are the functions of social smells in human daily life? 563.2.4. Human pheromones, fact or fiction?  593.3. The senses of smell and taste in the search for food and remedies 613.3.1. Interactions between senses and food in primates 613.3.2. Senses and self-medication in animals  623.3.3. Senses in human therapies  633.3.4. An evolutionary conception of the link between senses and health 653.4. Conclusions – the adaptive functions of the sense of smell in “microsmatic” species  663.5. Bibliography  68Chapter 4. Microbiota and Chemical Ecology 71Soizic PRADO, Catherine LEBLANC and Sylvie REBUFFAT4.1. The protagonist microorganisms of chemical ecology 714.2. Strategies for the study of microbiota 724.2.1. How should the microbiota be characterized?  724.2.2. What tools are available to help understand the roles of the microbiota? 734.3. The molecular dialog of microorganisms 754.3.1. Language and social life of microorganisms 754.3.2. The AMPs, main actors in the equilibrium of bacterial communities  784.3.3. Fungi and bacteria communicate to better help each other  794.3.4. When helping each other degenerates into chemical warfare between bacteria and fungi 804.3.5. The Trichoderma fungi: heavy artillery against pathogenic fungi 804.4. Chemical communication between microorganisms and their hosts  814.4.1. Plant–bacteria relationships: essential interactions with different partners  814.4.2. Plants also establish intimate relations with fungi  834.4.3. Mutualist actinobacteria provide care to insects 854.4.4. Chemical communication between microorganisms and their host in the marine environment  874.5. Regulations and evolution of the interactions in changing ecosystems and environments 894.5.1. Contribution of chemical ecology to the understanding of biosynthesis mechanisms of chemical mediators  904.5.2. Metabolic networks: new tools for studying the evolution of host/microbiota interactions 914.6. Conclusions – from chemical ecology to future applications: impacts of the study of the microbiota 914.7. Bibliography  92Chapter 5. From Chemical Ecology to Ecogeochemistry 95Catherine FERNANDEZ, Virginie BALDY and Nadine LE BRIS5.1. Balance between primary and secondary metabolism  965.2. Role of secondary metabolites in biotic interactions and community structure  995.3. Secondary metabolites and ecosystem functioning: plant soil relation – brown food chain  1035.4. Integration of biotic and abiotic dynamics: benthic marine microhabitats 1095.5. Conclusions 1145.6. Bibliography  114Chapter 6. Omics in Chemical Ecology 117Sylvie BAUDINO, Christophe LUCAS and Carole SMADJA6.1. Introduction: the different “omic” technologies 1186.2. From “omics” to signals: identifying new active molecules 1206.3. From “omics” to the ecology of communities: identifying chemical interactions of organisms in their environment  1216.4. From “omics” to molecular bases: revealing the genetic and molecular bases of chemical interactions  1226.5. From “omics” to physiology: characterizing the modes of production and the modes of reception of active molecules 1276.6. From “omics” to the role of environment: understanding the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on interactions 1286.7. From “omics” to evolution: understanding and predicting the adaptive value of chemical interactions 1316.8. Conclusions and perspectives  1336.9. Bibliography  134Chapter 7. Metabolomic Contributions to Chemical Ecology  139Philippe POTIN, Florence NICOLÈ and Olivier P. THOMAS7.1. Definition of metabolomics 1397.2. Different strategies of the metabolomic approaches 1407.3. The different steps for conducting a metabolomic study  1417.3.1. Experimental design and sampling 1427.3.2. Analytical approaches  1447.3.3. Data processing  1447.4. Applications of metabolomics  1517.4.1. Chemical biodiversity and chemotaxonomy 1517.4.2. Study of the regulation and evolution of metabolic/ biosynthesis pathways 1527.4.3. Contributions to functional ecology  1557.4.4. Application of metabolomics to the study of environmental disturbances 1577.5. Conclusions 1577.6. Bibliography  158Chapter 8. Chemical, Biological and Computational Tools in Chemical Ecology  161Nicolas BARTHÈS, Jean-Claude CAISSARD, Jérémy JUST and Xavier FERNANDEZ8.1. Chemical tools 1618.1.1. Analytical tools of chromatography  1618.1.2. Analytical approach by nuclear magnetic resonance 1688.1.3. Secondary metabolite imagery techniques  1708.2. Sequencing tools  1738.2.1. Principles, strengths and limitations of NGS 1748.2.2. Major domains of NGS applications  1758.3. Databases: biodiversity in silico 1798.3.1. Databases of chemical compounds and general ecology 1808.3.2. Databases for the omics that can be used in chemical ecology  1818.4. Conclusions 1838.5. Bibliography  183Chapter 9. Academic and Economic Values of Understanding Chemical Communication 185Bernard BANAIGS, Ali AL MOURABIT, Guillaume CLAVE and Claude GRISON9.1. Nature as a model 1859.2. Nature as a model for development of new molecules of interest  1879.2.1. From chemical mediators to new bioactive structural archetypes 1889.2.2. Biosynthesis and biomimetic synthesis  1929.2.3. Chemical mediators and ligand/receptor interactions: to the discovery of new cellular receptors and biochemical tools  1959.3. Chemical ecology and sustainable development 1969.3.1. Bio-control 1989.3.2. Bio-inspired chemistry and remedial phytotechnologies 2009.4. Conclusions 2059.5. Bibliography  205Conclusion 207Martine HOSSAERT-MCKEY and Anne-Geneviève BAGNÈRESGlossary  213List of Authors  217Index 221