Chemical Ecology of Insect Parasitoids

Eric Wajnberg is a research scientist working at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Sophia Antipolis, France. He is a population biologist specializing in behavioural ecology, population genetics and statistical modelling. He is also an expert in biological control, with almost 30 years experience working on insect parasitoids.Stefano Colazza is based at the University of Palermo, Italy. He is a specialist in infochemicals and behavioural ecology of plant, insect herbivores, and insect parasitoid interactions, with a special interest in the chemical ecology of plant volatile organic compounds in a tri-trophic context. He has been involved in these research areas for over 30 years.

• Contributors xi 1 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids: towards a new era 1Stefano Colazza and Eric WajnbergAbstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Integrating behavioural ecology and chemical ecology in insect parasitoids 31.3 The use of chemical ecology to improve the efficacy of insect parasitoids in biological control programmes 41.4 Overview 51.5 Conclusions 6Acknowledgements 6References 7Part 1 Basic concepts 92 Plant defences and parasitoid chemical ecology 11Paul J. OdeAbstract 112.1 Introduction 122.2 Plant defences against a diversity of attackers 132.2.1 Plant defence signalling pathways 132.2.2 Plant volatiles and parasitoids 162.2.3 Plant toxins and parasitoids 182.2.4 Cross-talk between plant defence pathways 212.3 Above-ground–below-ground interactions and parasitoids 242.4 Climate change and parasitoid chemical ecology 252.5 Conclusions 28Acknowledgements 28References 283 Foraging strategies of parasitoids in complex chemical environments 37Nicole Wäschke, Torsten Meiners and Michael RostásAbstract 373.1 Introduction 373.2 Chemical complexity 403.2.1 Plant species diversity and habitat location 403.2.2 Variability in host plant traits and their effects on parasitoid host location 423.3 Foraging strategies of parasitoids in chemically complex environments 483.3.1 Behavioural responses to chemical complexity 483.3.2 Learning, sensory fi lters and neural constraints affecting strategies for dealing with complexity 503.3.3 Infl uences of life history traits on foraging strategy 513.4 Conclusions 53References 544 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids in a multitrophic above- and below-ground context 64Roxina Soler, T. Martijn Bezemer and Jeffrey A. HarveyAbstract 644.1 Introduction 654.2 Influence of root feeders on above-ground insect herbivores 674.3 Influence of soil-borne symbionts on above-ground insect herbivores 694.4 Plant-mediated effects of root feeders and soil-borne symbionts on growth and development of parasitoids 704.5 Effects of root-feeding insects on HIPVs and host location of parasitoids 744.6 Expanding an above–below-ground bitrophic reductionist perspective 76Acknowledgement 79References 795 A hitch-hiker’s guide to parasitism: the chemical ecology of phoretic insect parasitoids 86Martinus E. Huigens and Nina E. FatourosAbstract 865.1 Phoresy 875.2 Prevalence of phoretic parasitoids 875.3 Important parasitoid and host traits 905.3.1 Parasitoid traits 905.3.2 Host traits 925.4 Chemical espionage on host pheromones 935.4.1 Espionage on male aggregation pheromone 935.4.2 Espionage on sex pheromones 985.4.3 Espionage on anti-sex pheromones 995.5 Coevolution between phoretic spies and hosts 1005.6 Biological control 1035.7 Future perspectives 103Acknowledgements 104References 1056 Novel insights into pheromone-mediated communication in parasitic hymenopterans 112Joachim RutherAbstract 1126.1 Introduction 1136.2 Pheromones and sexual behaviour 1196.2.1 Volatile sex attractants 1196.2.2 Female-derived courtship pheromones 1246.2.3 Male-derived courtship pheromones 1276.3 Other pheromones 1286.3.1 Marking pheromones 1286.3.2 Putative alarm and appeasement pheromones 1296.3.3 Aggregation pheromones 1306.3.4 Anti-aggregation pheromones 1306.4 Variability in pheromone-mediated sexual behaviour 1316.4.1 Innate plasticity of pheromone behaviour 1316.4.2 Learnt plasticity of pheromone behaviour 1316.4.3 Plasticity of pheromone behaviour caused by abiotic factors 1326.5 Pheromone biosynthesis 1326.6 Evolution of parasitoid sex pheromones 1336.7 Conclusions and outlook 135References 1367 Chemical ecology of tachinid parasitoids 145Satoshi Nakamura, Ryoko T. Ichiki and Yooichi KainohAbstract 1457.1 Introduction 1467.2 Long-range orientation 1557.2.1 Long-range orientation by direct type parasitoids 1557.2.2 Long-range orientation by indirect type parasitoids 1577.2.3 Host pheromones used by direct type parasitoids 1587.3 Short-range orientation 1597.3.1 Short-range orientation by direct type parasitoids 1597.3.2 Short-range orientation by indirect type parasitoids 1617.4 Conclusions 163Acknowledgements 163References 1648 Climate change and its effects on the chemical ecology of insect parasitoids 168Jarmo K. Holopainen, Sari J. Himanen and Guy M. PoppyAbstract 1688.1 On climate change and chemical ecology 1698.2 Direct climate change impacts on parasitoids 1718.3 Climate change and bottom-up impacts on parasitoids: herbivore host and plant host quality 1728.4 Impacts of climate change-related abiotic stresses on parasitoid ecology and behaviour 1758.4.1 Impacts of elevated temperature 1758.4.2 Precipitation and drought 1768.4.3 Gaseous reactive air pollutants 1778.4.4 Atmospheric CO2 concentration 1798.4.5 Parasitoid response to combined abiotic stresses 1808.5 Climate change impacts on biological control 1818.6 Ecosystem services provided by parasitoids: impact of changing climate 1828.7 Future research directions and conclusions 184References 185Part 2 Applied concepts 1919 Chemical ecology of insect parasitoids: essential elements for developing effective biological control programmes 193Torsten Meiners and Ezio PeriAbstract 1939.1 Introduction 1949.2 Essential elements in parasitoid chemical ecology 1969.3 Manipulation of the population levels of natural enemies by semiochemicals 2019.4 Limits and perspectives of behavioural manipulation of parasitoids by applying semiochemicals 2049.5 Cautionary example: interspecifi c competitive interactions in parasitoids 2109.6 Conclusions 212References 21310 The application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for arable crops 225Maria Carolina Blassioli-Moraes, Miguel Borges and Raul Alberto LaumannAbstract 22510.1 Arable crops: characteristics of the systems and trophic interactions mediated by chemical cues 22610.2 Methodologies for using chemical cues to attract and retain parasitoids in arable crops 22710.2.1 Direct application of semiochemicals 22810.2.2 Environmental manipulation 23610.3 Final considerations 237Acknowledgements 239References 23911 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for orchards and vineyards 245Stefano Colazza, Ezio Peri and Antonino CusumanoAbstract 24511.1 Introduction 24611.2 Pheromone-based tactics in orchards and vineyards 24711.2.1 Host sex pheromones 24711.2.2 Parasitoid pheromones 24811.3 Allelochemical-based manipulation in orchards and vineyards 24911.3.1 Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) 24911.3.2 Host-associated volatiles (HAVs) 25711.4 Conclusions 260Acknowledgement 261References 26112 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for organic crops 266Marja Simpson, Donna M.Y. Read and Geoff M. GurrAbstract 26612.1 Introduction: organic farming and compatibility of chemical cues 26712.2 Overview of plant defences involving plant volatiles 26812.3 The use of synthetic HIPVs in pest management 26912.4 Arthropod pest management strategies used in organic farming 27312.5 Potential for extending chemical cue use in organic systems 27512.6 Conclusions 277References 27713 Application of chemical cues in arthropod pest management for forest trees 282Timothy D. PaineAbstract 28213.1 Forest insect herbivores and natural enemy host/prey finding 28313.2 Introduction to forest systems 28513.3 Examples from North America 28713.3.1 Native bark beetles in plantation and unmanaged forests 28713.3.2 Introduced defoliator in urban and unmanaged forests 28813.3.3 Introduced wood borer in plantation and urban environments 28913.4 Conclusions 290References 291Index 296

“This volume will contribute to future syntheses and help integrate insect parasitoids within chemical and community ecology and, hopefully, eventual strategic applications in pest management programs.  Summing Up: Recommended.  Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals.”  (Choice, 1 January 2014)