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The Celtic languages and groups called Keltoi (i.e. ‘Celts’) emerge into our written records at the pre-Roman Iron Age. The impetus for this book is to explore from the perspectives of three disciplines—archaeology, genetics, and linguistics—the background in later European prehistory to these developments. There is a traditional scenario, according to which, Celtic speech and the associated group identity came in to being during the Early Iron Age in the north Alpine zone and then rapidly spread across central and western Europe. This idea of ‘Celtogenesis’ remains deeply entrenched in scholarly and popular thought. But it has become increasingly difficult to reconcile with recent discoveries pointing towards origins in the deeper past. It should no longer be taken for granted that Atlantic Europe during the 2nd and 3rd millennia BC were pre-Celtic or even pre-Indo-European. The explorations in Celtic from the West 3 are drawn together in this spirit, continuing two earlier volumes in the influential series.
IntroductionBARRY CUNLIFFE & JOHN T. KOCH 1part I: Archaeology1. Behind the Warriors: Bell Beakers and Identities in AtlanticEurope (3rd millennium BC)Laure Salanova 132. The Lost Cultures of the Halberd Bearers: a non-Beaker ideology inlater 3rd millennium Atlantic Europestuart needham 403. Closed for Business or Cultural Change? Tracing the re-useand final blocking of megalithic tombs during the Beaker periodcatriona d. Gibson 834. Copper mining, Prospection, and the Beaker Phenomenonin Wales—the significance of the Banc Tynddol gold discSimon Timberlake 1115. Burial Practices in Ireland during the Late 3rd millennium BC—connecting new ideologies with local expressionskerri cleary 1396. Stelae, Funerary Practice, and Group Identities in the Bronzeand Iron Ages of SW Iberia: a moyenne durée perspectiveDirk brandherm 1797. Language Shift and Political Context in Late Bronze Age Ireland:some implications of hillfort chronologyWilliam O’Brien 2018. Metal, Metalwork, and Specialization: the chemical compositionof British Bronze Age swords in contextPeter Bray 2299. Emerging Settlement Monumentality in North Wales duringthe Late Bronze and Iron Age: the case of MeillionyddRaimund Karl 24710. Ephemeral Abundance at Llanmaes: Exploring the residues andresonances of an Earliest Iron Age midden and its associatedarchaeological context in the Vale of GlamorganAdam Gwilt, Mark Lodwick, Jody Deacon, NicholasWells, Richard Madgwick, & Tim Young 277[ v ]FRONT MATTER CW3.indd 5 15/01/2016 15:52:40part II: Genetics11. The Genetic Structure of the British Populations and their SurnamesBruce J. Winney & Walter F. Bodmer 30512. Archaeogenetic and Palaeogenetic Evidence for Metal Age Mobilityin EuropeMaria Pala, Pedro Soares, & Martin B. Richards 321part III: Linguistics13. Archaeology and Language Shift in Atlantic EuropeJ. P. Mallory 34514. The Question of a Hamito-Semitic Substratum in Insular Celticand Celtic from the WestSteve Hewitt 36515. Phoenicians in the West and the Break-up of the Atlantic BronzeAge and Proto-CelticJOHN T. KOCH 38316. Ancient Personal Names in the Iberian Peninsula and Parallels inCeltic Inscribed Artefacts from Early Medieval Britain and IrelandFernando Fernández Palacios 42917. ancillary study: Sound Change, the Italo-Celtic LinguisticUnity, and the Italian Homeland of CelticPeter Schrijver 46518. ancillary study: Celtic as Vasconized Indo-European?Three structural argumentsTheo Vennemann 475Index 495