Dr Douglas L. Karlen, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the EnvironmentDr Karlen is an experienced research scientist in the Soil, Water, and Air Resources Research Unit at the USDA, Agricultural Research Service. His soil and crop management research program uses a systems approach involving research scientists and engineers, producers, action agencies, non-government organizations, agribusiness, and other state and federal partners to quantify physical, chemical, and biological effects of conventional and organic farming practices. His current focus is on sustaining or improving soil quality while striving to produce sustainable feedstock supplies for lignocellulosic biofuel production.

• Foreword xviiSeries Preface xixPreface xxiList of Contributors xxiii1 Introduction to Cellulosic Energy Crops 1Mark Laser and Lee Lynd1.1 Cellulosic Biomass: Definition, Photosynthesis, and Composition 11.2 Cellulosic Biomass Properties and Their Relevance to Downstream Processing 41.3 Desirable Traits and Potential Supply of Cellulosic Energy Crops 71.4 The Case for Cellulosic Energy Crops 82 Conversion Technologies for the Production of Liquid Fuels and Biochemicals 15Sofie Dobbelaere, Tom Anthonis, and Wim Soetaert2.1 Introduction 152.2 Biomass Conversion Technologies 162.3 (Bio)Chemical Conversion Route 172.4 Thermochemical Conversion Route 232.5 Summary and Conclusions 273 Technologies for Production of Heat and Electricity 31Jacob J. Jacobson and Kara G. Cafferty3.1 Introduction 313.2 Combustion 333.3 Repowering 353.4 Gasification 353.5 Pyrolysis 353.6 Direct Hydrothermal Liquefaction 373.7 Anaerobic Digestion 373.8 Integrated Biorefineries 383.9 Summary 394 Miscanthus Genetics and Agronomy for Bioenergy Feedstock 43Maryse Brancourt-Hulmel, Charlotte Demay, Emeline Rosiau, Fabien Ferchaud, Linda Bethencourt, Stephanie Arnoult, Camille Dauchy, Nicolas Beaudoin, and Hubert Boizard4.1 Introduction 434.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition 444.3 Cultural Practices 504.4 Genetic Improvement 574.5 Conclusion 655 Switchgrass 75Rob Mitchell, D.K. Lee, and Michael Casler5.1 Overview 755.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition 755.3 Cultural Practices 785.4 Genetic Improvement 825.5 Summary 856 Sugarcane, Energy Cane and Napier Grass 91Edward P. Richard, Jr. and William F. Anderson6.1 Sugar and Energy Cane 916.2 Napier grass 997 Sorghum 109William L. Rooney7.1 Introduction 1097.2 Sorghum Phenology, Genetic Structure and Types 1107.3 Cultural Practices 1147.4 Genetic Improvement 1187.5 Summary and Conclusions 1238 Crop Residues 131Douglas L. Karlen and David R. Huggins8.1 Overview 1318.2 Corn Stover 1338.3 Wheat Straw 1398.4 Future Opportunities 1439 Eucalyptus 149Michael W. Cunningham and Bijay Tamang9.1 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition 1499.2 Cultural Practices 1539.3 Genetic Improvement 15510 Pine 161David B. South and Mathew Smidt10.1 Introduction 16110.2 Cultural Practices 16510.3 Harvesting 17310.4 Genetic Improvement 17610.5 Economics 17710.6 Government Regulations 17910.7 Final Comments 18011 Poplar 183Andrzej Klasa and Doug Karlen11.1 Introduction 18311.2 Cultural Practices 18411.3 Genetic Improvement 19311.4 Utilization 19311.5 Carbon Sequestration and Soil Response 19412 Development and Deployment of Willow Biomass Crops 201Timothy A. Volk, L.P. Abrahamson, T. Buchholz, J. Caputo, and M. Eisenbies12.1 Introduction 20112.2 Shrub Willow Characteristics 20212.3 Production Systems for Willow Biomass Crops 20412.4 Willow Biomass Crop Economics 20812.5 Environmental and Rural Development Benefits 21112.6 Commercial Development 21212.7 Conclusions 21413 Herbaceous Biomass Logistics 219John S. Cundiff13.1 Introduction 21913.2 Typical Biomass Logistics Constraints 22013.3 Linkage in Logistics Chain 22113.4 Plant Size 22513.5 Harvesting 22613.6 Highway Hauling 22913.7 Development of Concept for Multibale Handling Unit 23213.8 Functionality Analysis for Rack System Concept 23613.9 Cost Analysis for 24-h Hauling Using Rack System Concept 24013.10 Summary 242Appendix 13.A Cost to Operate Workhorse Forklift (Example for Equipment Cost Calculations) 244Appendix 13.B Operational Plan for "Rack System" Example 245B.1 Operation Plan for SSL Loading 245B.2 Influence of SSL Size on Rack Loading Operations 246B.3 Total Trucks Required – 24-h Hauling 247B.4 Total Racks Required – 24-h Hauling 24814 Woody Biomass Logistics 251Robert Keefe, Nathaniel Anderson, John Hogland, and Ken Muhlenfeld14.1 Introduction 25114.2 Overview of the Woody Biomass Supply Chain 25214.3 Woody Biomass from Dedicated Energy Crops 25414.4 Woody Biomass from Stand Thinning 25514.5 Logging Residues 25614.6 Harvesting and Processing Systems and Equipment 26014.7 Woody Biomass Transportation 26614.8 Pretreatment 26914.9 Handling and Storage 27114.10 Logistics Management 27315 Economic Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 281Kelly D. Zering15.1 Introduction 28115.2 Economics of Crop Production 28215.3 Risk and Uncertainty 28715.4 Risk Mitigation and Management 29115.5 Supply, Demand and Prices 29315.6 The Start-Up Barrier 29515.7 Elements of Sustainability 29615.8 Policy 29615.9 Summary 29716 Environmental Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 299Richard Lowrance and Adam Davis16.1 Introduction 29916.2 Greenhouse Gas Effects 30116.3 Soil Properties 30216.4 Water Quantity and Quality 30316.5 Invasive Species Effects/Mitigation/Enhancement 30516.6 Wildlife and Biodiversity 30716.7 Conclusions 30817 Social Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 315Cornelia Butler Flora and Charles F. Curtiss17.1 Introduction 31517.2 Standards for Social Sustainability 31617.3 Forest-Based Biofuels 31717.4 Biofuel Social Sustainability Standards 31817.5 Summary and Conclusions 33118 Commercialization of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 335Sam W. Jackson18.1 Overview 33518.2 Introduction 33518.3 Land Availability 33618.4 Crop Selection and Contracting 33718.5 Financing Establishment 33918.6 Agronomic Efficiencies and Management 33918.7 Identifying and Addressing Risks 34118.8 Conclusion 34319 Selected Global Examples of Cellulosic Cropping System Trends 345Douglas L. Karlen, Marcelo Valadares Galdos, Sarita Candida Rabelo, Henrique Continho Junqueira Franco, Antonio Bonomi, Jihong Li, Shi-Zhong Li, Jaya Shankar Tumuluru, and Leslie Ovard19.1 Overview 34519.2 Cellulosic Ethanol in Brazil 34619.3 Cellulosic Bioenergy in China 35019.4 Bioenergy in India 35519.5 Summary 360Acknowledgements 360References 361Index 365

Dr Douglas L. Karlen, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the EnvironmentDr Karlen is an experienced research scientist in the Soil, Water, and Air Resources Research Unit at the USDA, Agricultural Research Service. His soil and crop management research program uses a systems approach involving research scientists and engineers, producers, action agencies, non-government organizations, agribusiness, and other state and federal partners to quantify physical, chemical, and biological effects of conventional and organic farming practices. His current focus is on sustaining or improving soil quality while striving to produce sustainable feedstock supplies for lignocellulosic biofuel production.

• Foreword xviiSeries Preface xixPreface xxiList of Contributors xxiii1 Introduction to Cellulosic Energy Crops 1Mark Laser and Lee Lynd1.1 Cellulosic Biomass: Definition, Photosynthesis, and Composition 11.2 Cellulosic Biomass Properties and Their Relevance to Downstream Processing 41.3 Desirable Traits and Potential Supply of Cellulosic Energy Crops 71.4 The Case for Cellulosic Energy Crops 82 Conversion Technologies for the Production of Liquid Fuels and Biochemicals 15Sofie Dobbelaere, Tom Anthonis, and Wim Soetaert2.1 Introduction 152.2 Biomass Conversion Technologies 162.3 (Bio)Chemical Conversion Route 172.4 Thermochemical Conversion Route 232.5 Summary and Conclusions 273 Technologies for Production of Heat and Electricity 31Jacob J. Jacobson and Kara G. Cafferty3.1 Introduction 313.2 Combustion 333.3 Repowering 353.4 Gasification 353.5 Pyrolysis 353.6 Direct Hydrothermal Liquefaction 373.7 Anaerobic Digestion 373.8 Integrated Biorefineries 383.9 Summary 394 Miscanthus Genetics and Agronomy for Bioenergy Feedstock 43Maryse Brancourt-Hulmel, Charlotte Demay, Emeline Rosiau, Fabien Ferchaud, Linda Bethencourt, Stephanie Arnoult, Camille Dauchy, Nicolas Beaudoin, and Hubert Boizard4.1 Introduction 434.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition 444.3 Cultural Practices 504.4 Genetic Improvement 574.5 Conclusion 655 Switchgrass 75Rob Mitchell, D.K. Lee, and Michael Casler5.1 Overview 755.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition 755.3 Cultural Practices 785.4 Genetic Improvement 825.5 Summary 856 Sugarcane, Energy Cane and Napier Grass 91Edward P. Richard, Jr. and William F. Anderson6.1 Sugar and Energy Cane 916.2 Napier grass 997 Sorghum 109William L. Rooney7.1 Introduction 1097.2 Sorghum Phenology, Genetic Structure and Types 1107.3 Cultural Practices 1147.4 Genetic Improvement 1187.5 Summary and Conclusions 1238 Crop Residues 131Douglas L. Karlen and David R. Huggins8.1 Overview 1318.2 Corn Stover 1338.3 Wheat Straw 1398.4 Future Opportunities 1439 Eucalyptus 149Michael W. Cunningham and Bijay Tamang9.1 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition 1499.2 Cultural Practices 1539.3 Genetic Improvement 15510 Pine 161David B. South and Mathew Smidt10.1 Introduction 16110.2 Cultural Practices 16510.3 Harvesting 17310.4 Genetic Improvement 17610.5 Economics 17710.6 Government Regulations 17910.7 Final Comments 18011 Poplar 183Andrzej Klasa and Doug Karlen11.1 Introduction 18311.2 Cultural Practices 18411.3 Genetic Improvement 19311.4 Utilization 19311.5 Carbon Sequestration and Soil Response 19412 Development and Deployment of Willow Biomass Crops 201Timothy A. Volk, L.P. Abrahamson, T. Buchholz, J. Caputo, and M. Eisenbies12.1 Introduction 20112.2 Shrub Willow Characteristics 20212.3 Production Systems for Willow Biomass Crops 20412.4 Willow Biomass Crop Economics 20812.5 Environmental and Rural Development Benefits 21112.6 Commercial Development 21212.7 Conclusions 21413 Herbaceous Biomass Logistics 219John S. Cundiff13.1 Introduction 21913.2 Typical Biomass Logistics Constraints 22013.3 Linkage in Logistics Chain 22113.4 Plant Size 22513.5 Harvesting 22613.6 Highway Hauling 22913.7 Development of Concept for Multibale Handling Unit 23213.8 Functionality Analysis for Rack System Concept 23613.9 Cost Analysis for 24-h Hauling Using Rack System Concept 24013.10 Summary 242Appendix 13.A Cost to Operate Workhorse Forklift (Example for Equipment Cost Calculations) 244Appendix 13.B Operational Plan for "Rack System" Example 245B.1 Operation Plan for SSL Loading 245B.2 Influence of SSL Size on Rack Loading Operations 246B.3 Total Trucks Required – 24-h Hauling 247B.4 Total Racks Required – 24-h Hauling 24814 Woody Biomass Logistics 251Robert Keefe, Nathaniel Anderson, John Hogland, and Ken Muhlenfeld14.1 Introduction 25114.2 Overview of the Woody Biomass Supply Chain 25214.3 Woody Biomass from Dedicated Energy Crops 25414.4 Woody Biomass from Stand Thinning 25514.5 Logging Residues 25614.6 Harvesting and Processing Systems and Equipment 26014.7 Woody Biomass Transportation 26614.8 Pretreatment 26914.9 Handling and Storage 27114.10 Logistics Management 27315 Economic Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 281Kelly D. Zering15.1 Introduction 28115.2 Economics of Crop Production 28215.3 Risk and Uncertainty 28715.4 Risk Mitigation and Management 29115.5 Supply, Demand and Prices 29315.6 The Start-Up Barrier 29515.7 Elements of Sustainability 29615.8 Policy 29615.9 Summary 29716 Environmental Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 299Richard Lowrance and Adam Davis16.1 Introduction 29916.2 Greenhouse Gas Effects 30116.3 Soil Properties 30216.4 Water Quantity and Quality 30316.5 Invasive Species Effects/Mitigation/Enhancement 30516.6 Wildlife and Biodiversity 30716.7 Conclusions 30817 Social Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 315Cornelia Butler Flora and Charles F. Curtiss17.1 Introduction 31517.2 Standards for Social Sustainability 31617.3 Forest-Based Biofuels 31717.4 Biofuel Social Sustainability Standards 31817.5 Summary and Conclusions 33118 Commercialization of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 335Sam W. Jackson18.1 Overview 33518.2 Introduction 33518.3 Land Availability 33618.4 Crop Selection and Contracting 33718.5 Financing Establishment 33918.6 Agronomic Efficiencies and Management 33918.7 Identifying and Addressing Risks 34118.8 Conclusion 34319 Selected Global Examples of Cellulosic Cropping System Trends 345Douglas L. Karlen, Marcelo Valadares Galdos, Sarita Candida Rabelo, Henrique Continho Junqueira Franco, Antonio Bonomi, Jihong Li, Shi-Zhong Li, Jaya Shankar Tumuluru, and Leslie Ovard19.1 Overview 34519.2 Cellulosic Ethanol in Brazil 34619.3 Cellulosic Bioenergy in China 35019.4 Bioenergy in India 35519.5 Summary 360Acknowledgements 360References 361Index 365

Dr Douglas L. Karlen, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the EnvironmentDr Karlen is an experienced research scientist in the Soil, Water, and Air Resources Research Unit at the USDA, Agricultural Research Service. His soil and crop management research program uses a systems approach involving research scientists and engineers, producers, action agencies, non-government organizations, agribusiness, and other state and federal partners to quantify physical, chemical, and biological effects of conventional and organic farming practices. His current focus is on sustaining or improving soil quality while striving to produce sustainable feedstock supplies for lignocellulosic biofuel production.

• Foreword xviiSeries Preface xixPreface xxiList of Contributors xxiii1 Introduction to Cellulosic Energy Crops 1Mark Laser and Lee Lynd1.1 Cellulosic Biomass: Definition, Photosynthesis, and Composition 11.2 Cellulosic Biomass Properties and Their Relevance to Downstream Processing 41.3 Desirable Traits and Potential Supply of Cellulosic Energy Crops 71.4 The Case for Cellulosic Energy Crops 82 Conversion Technologies for the Production of Liquid Fuels and Biochemicals 15Sofie Dobbelaere, Tom Anthonis, and Wim Soetaert2.1 Introduction 152.2 Biomass Conversion Technologies 162.3 (Bio)Chemical Conversion Route 172.4 Thermochemical Conversion Route 232.5 Summary and Conclusions 273 Technologies for Production of Heat and Electricity 31Jacob J. Jacobson and Kara G. Cafferty3.1 Introduction 313.2 Combustion 333.3 Repowering 353.4 Gasification 353.5 Pyrolysis 353.6 Direct Hydrothermal Liquefaction 373.7 Anaerobic Digestion 373.8 Integrated Biorefineries 383.9 Summary 394 Miscanthus Genetics and Agronomy for Bioenergy Feedstock 43Maryse Brancourt-Hulmel, Charlotte Demay, Emeline Rosiau, Fabien Ferchaud, Linda Bethencourt, Stephanie Arnoult, Camille Dauchy, Nicolas Beaudoin, and Hubert Boizard4.1 Introduction 434.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition 444.3 Cultural Practices 504.4 Genetic Improvement 574.5 Conclusion 655 Switchgrass 75Rob Mitchell, D.K. Lee, and Michael Casler5.1 Overview 755.2 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition 755.3 Cultural Practices 785.4 Genetic Improvement 825.5 Summary 856 Sugarcane, Energy Cane and Napier Grass 91Edward P. Richard, Jr. and William F. Anderson6.1 Sugar and Energy Cane 916.2 Napier grass 997 Sorghum 109William L. Rooney7.1 Introduction 1097.2 Sorghum Phenology, Genetic Structure and Types 1107.3 Cultural Practices 1147.4 Genetic Improvement 1187.5 Summary and Conclusions 1238 Crop Residues 131Douglas L. Karlen and David R. Huggins8.1 Overview 1318.2 Corn Stover 1338.3 Wheat Straw 1398.4 Future Opportunities 1439 Eucalyptus 149Michael W. Cunningham and Bijay Tamang9.1 Phylogeny, Growth, Yield and Chemical Composition 1499.2 Cultural Practices 1539.3 Genetic Improvement 15510 Pine 161David B. South and Mathew Smidt10.1 Introduction 16110.2 Cultural Practices 16510.3 Harvesting 17310.4 Genetic Improvement 17610.5 Economics 17710.6 Government Regulations 17910.7 Final Comments 18011 Poplar 183Andrzej Klasa and Doug Karlen11.1 Introduction 18311.2 Cultural Practices 18411.3 Genetic Improvement 19311.4 Utilization 19311.5 Carbon Sequestration and Soil Response 19412 Development and Deployment of Willow Biomass Crops 201Timothy A. Volk, L.P. Abrahamson, T. Buchholz, J. Caputo, and M. Eisenbies12.1 Introduction 20112.2 Shrub Willow Characteristics 20212.3 Production Systems for Willow Biomass Crops 20412.4 Willow Biomass Crop Economics 20812.5 Environmental and Rural Development Benefits 21112.6 Commercial Development 21212.7 Conclusions 21413 Herbaceous Biomass Logistics 219John S. Cundiff13.1 Introduction 21913.2 Typical Biomass Logistics Constraints 22013.3 Linkage in Logistics Chain 22113.4 Plant Size 22513.5 Harvesting 22613.6 Highway Hauling 22913.7 Development of Concept for Multibale Handling Unit 23213.8 Functionality Analysis for Rack System Concept 23613.9 Cost Analysis for 24-h Hauling Using Rack System Concept 24013.10 Summary 242Appendix 13.A Cost to Operate Workhorse Forklift (Example for Equipment Cost Calculations) 244Appendix 13.B Operational Plan for "Rack System" Example 245B.1 Operation Plan for SSL Loading 245B.2 Influence of SSL Size on Rack Loading Operations 246B.3 Total Trucks Required – 24-h Hauling 247B.4 Total Racks Required – 24-h Hauling 24814 Woody Biomass Logistics 251Robert Keefe, Nathaniel Anderson, John Hogland, and Ken Muhlenfeld14.1 Introduction 25114.2 Overview of the Woody Biomass Supply Chain 25214.3 Woody Biomass from Dedicated Energy Crops 25414.4 Woody Biomass from Stand Thinning 25514.5 Logging Residues 25614.6 Harvesting and Processing Systems and Equipment 26014.7 Woody Biomass Transportation 26614.8 Pretreatment 26914.9 Handling and Storage 27114.10 Logistics Management 27315 Economic Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 281Kelly D. Zering15.1 Introduction 28115.2 Economics of Crop Production 28215.3 Risk and Uncertainty 28715.4 Risk Mitigation and Management 29115.5 Supply, Demand and Prices 29315.6 The Start-Up Barrier 29515.7 Elements of Sustainability 29615.8 Policy 29615.9 Summary 29716 Environmental Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 299Richard Lowrance and Adam Davis16.1 Introduction 29916.2 Greenhouse Gas Effects 30116.3 Soil Properties 30216.4 Water Quantity and Quality 30316.5 Invasive Species Effects/Mitigation/Enhancement 30516.6 Wildlife and Biodiversity 30716.7 Conclusions 30817 Social Sustainability of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 315Cornelia Butler Flora and Charles F. Curtiss17.1 Introduction 31517.2 Standards for Social Sustainability 31617.3 Forest-Based Biofuels 31717.4 Biofuel Social Sustainability Standards 31817.5 Summary and Conclusions 33118 Commercialization of Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems 335Sam W. Jackson18.1 Overview 33518.2 Introduction 33518.3 Land Availability 33618.4 Crop Selection and Contracting 33718.5 Financing Establishment 33918.6 Agronomic Efficiencies and Management 33918.7 Identifying and Addressing Risks 34118.8 Conclusion 34319 Selected Global Examples of Cellulosic Cropping System Trends 345Douglas L. Karlen, Marcelo Valadares Galdos, Sarita Candida Rabelo, Henrique Continho Junqueira Franco, Antonio Bonomi, Jihong Li, Shi-Zhong Li, Jaya Shankar Tumuluru, and Leslie Ovard19.1 Overview 34519.2 Cellulosic Ethanol in Brazil 34619.3 Cellulosic Bioenergy in China 35019.4 Bioenergy in India 35519.5 Summary 360Acknowledgements 360References 361Index 365