Jack S. Levy is Board of Governors Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University. He is a former President of the International Studies Association (2007–8) and of the Peace Science Society (2005–6). His research focuses on the causes of war and on foreign policy decision-making. William R. Thompson is Rogers Professor of Political Science at Indiana University and Managing Editor of International Studies Quarterly. He is a former President of the International Studies Association (2005–6). His ongoing research focuses on conflict and long-term international political economy.

• Acknowledgments vi 1. Introduction to the Study of War 12. System-Level Theories 283. The Dyadic Interactions of States 554. The State and Societal Level 835. Decision-Making: The Individual Level 1286. Decision-Making: The Organizational Level 1627. Civil War 1868. Conclusion: Refl ections on Levels, Causes, and War 205References 224Index 265

"Along the way are examples from recent history that may surprise the reader. At the very least, every member of Congress and the State Department should study this report." (Book News Inc, November 2010)