Carpentry and Construction, Sixth Edition

Mark R. Miller (Tyler, Texas) is Professor of Industrial Technology and coordinator of that section of the Department of HRD & Technology at the University of Texas at Tyler. Dr. Miller teaches courses in construction for future middle managers and has authored or co-authored more than 35 technical books and many technical articles. Rex Miller (Round Rock, Texas) is Professor Emeritus of Industrial Technology at the State University of New York College at Buffalo where he taught technical curriculums at the college level for more than 40 years. Dr. Miller authored or co-authored more than 100 texts for vocational and industrial arts programs.

• 1 Let’s Get StartedSafetyOther Safety MeasuresGeneral Safety RulesSafety on the JobSafety HazardsUsing Carpenter ToolsMeasuring ToolsSawsHammers and Other Small ToolsSquaresPower ToolsFollowing Correct SequencesPreparing the SiteThe BasementThe FloorWall FramesSheathingRoofingSidingFinishingThe Laser LevelChapter 1 Study Questions2 Site PreparationBasic SequenceLocating the Building on the SiteProperty BoundariesLaying Out the FoundationThe Builder’s LevelHow Does It Work?Three Main Parts of a Builder’s LevelPreparing the InstrumentThe Level-TransitUsing the Level and Level-TransitEstablishing ElevationsUsing the Leveling RodPreparing the SiteClearingExcavationProviding Access During ConstructionMaterials StorageTemporary UtilitiesWaste DisposalArranging Delivery RoutesChapter 2 Study Questions3 Footings and FoundationsFootingsSequenceLay Out the FootingsSoil StrengthFooting WidthLocating Footing DepthFootings Under ColumnsSpecial Strength NeedsReinforcement and StrengthExcavating the FootingsFinding Trench DepthExcavating for Deep FootingsExcavating for Shallow FootingsSlab Footings and BasementsBuilding the Forms for the FootingsForms LayoutNailsPutting Up the FormsWorking with ConcreteReinforcementSpecifying ConcreteSetting TimeConcrete EstimatingPouring the ConcreteSlump TestBuilding the Foundation FormsForm SpacingConstructing the FormsJoining the Forms TogetherSpreadersPanel FormsOne-Piece FormsSpecial FormsOpenings and Special ShapesReinforcing Concrete FoundationsEstimating Concrete VolumeDelivery and PouringFinishing the ConcreteConcrete Block WallsPlywood FoundationsDrainage and WaterproofingWaterproofing Basement WallsBasement Walls CoatingsGray WallTermitesTypes of TermitesTermite ProtectionTermites and Treated WoodPressure-Treated WoodPreservativesAbove-Ground and In-Ground TreatmentNails and FastenersHandling and Storing Treated WoodChapter 3 Study Questions4 Concrete Slabs and FloorsSlabsThe Slab SequenceTypes of SlabsExcavateConstruct the FormsPrepare the SubsurfaceDifferent ShapesPouring the SlabExpansion and ContractionJointsConcrete FloorsStairsSidewalks and DrivewaysSidewalksDrivewaysSpecial Finishes and SurfacesSurface TexturesEnergy FactorsChapter 4 Study Questions5 Floor FramesFloorsFraming MethodsBalloon-Frame ConstructionPlatform-Frame ConstructionSequencePlacement of the SillAnchor the SillSetting GirdersJoistsLay Out the JoistsEngineered Wood JoistsCut JoistsSetting the JoistsFire and Draft StopsBridgingSubfloorsPlywood SubfloorChipboard and FiberboardLaying SheetsBoard SubflooringSpecial JoistsOverhangsCantilevered In-Line Joist SystemSunken FloorsLow ProfilesEnergy FactorsMoisture BarriersEnergy PlenumsChapter 5 Study Questions6 Framing WallsFramingSequenceWall LayoutPlate LayoutStud LayoutCorner StudsPartition StudsFind Stud LengthFrame Rough OpeningsHeader SizeCutting Studs to LengthCutting TipsWall AssemblyNailing Studs to PlatesCorner BracesPlywood Corner BracesDiagonal Corner BracesErect the WallsWall SheathingTo Raise the WallPut Up a Temporary BraceInterior WallsLocate Soleplates for PartitionsStudsCornersHeaders and TrimmersSoleplateSpecial WallsSoundproofingSheathingFiberboard SheathingPlywood Sheathing“Energy” SheathingBoardsFactors in Wall ConstructionStandard SpacingNotching and BoringModular StandardsEnergyChapter 6 Study Questions7 Framing the RoofRoofsFraming LumberStandard Sizes of Bulk LumberGrades of LumberRoof ShapesSequenceTruss RoofsTruss ConstructionTruss DisadvantagesThe Framing SquareParts of the SquareSteel Square UsesRoof FramingRoof TermsPrincipal Roof Frame MembersRaftersLayout of a RafterLengths of RaftersCommon RaftersHip-and-Valley RaftersJack RaftersBrace MeasuringErecting the Roof with RaftersRafter LayoutRaising RaftersSpecial RaftersDormersBay WindowsCeiling JoistsOpeningsDeckingPlywood DeckingBoards for DeckingShingle StringersConstructing Special ShapesGambrel-Shaped-Roof Storage ShedMansard RoofsPost-and-Beam RoofsRoof Load FactorsLaying Out a StairAluminum SoffitMaterial AvailabilityMetal ConnectorsChapter 7 Study Questions8 Roofs and RoofingRoofingSequenceTypes of RoofsDrainage FactorsRoofing TermsPitchSlopeEstimating Roofing QuantitiesEstimating AreaHorizontal AreaComputation of Roof AreasDuplicationsConverting Horizontal to Slope AreasAccessoriesLength of RakeHips and ValleysDormer ValleysRoofing ToolsSafetyAppearanceApplying an Asphalt RoofRoof ProblemsPutting Down ShinglesNailsFasteners for Nonwood MaterialsShingle SelectionCementsStarter CourseStarting at the Center (Hip Roof)ValleysFlashing Against a Vertical WallChimneysSoil StacksStrip ShinglesDeck PreparationFirst and Succeeding CoursesRibbon CoursesWind ProtectionTwo- and Three-Tab Hex StripsHips and RidgesSteep-Slope and Mansard RoofsInterlocking ShinglesHips and RidgesRoll RoofingWindy LocationsExposed Nails—Parallel to the RakeHips and RidgesWood ShinglesSizing Up the JobRoof ExposureEstimating Shingles NeededTools of the TradeApplying the Shingle RoofValleys and FlashingsShingling at Roof JuncturesApplying Shingles to Hips and RidgesNails for Wooden ShinglesChapter 8 Study Questions9 Windows and DoorsSequenceTypes of WindowsPreparing the Rough Opening for a WindowSteps in Preparing the Rough OpeningInstalling a Wood WindowInstalling Windows by Nailing the Flange to the SheathingSkylightsInstalling a SkylightPreparing the Roof OpeningCutting the Roof OpeningFraming the Roof OpeningMounting the SkylightSealing the InstallationReplacing the ShinglesPreparing the Ceiling OpeningFraming the Ceiling OpeningConstructing the Light ShaftOperation and Maintenance of SkylightsCondensationCare and MaintenanceTube-Type SkylightsTerms Used in Window InstallationPrehung DoorsTypes of DoorsInstalling an Exterior DoorHanging a Two-Door SystemHanding InstructionsMetal DoorsInstalling Folding DoorsDoor and Window TrimInterior Door TrimWindow TrimInstalling LocksStorm Doors and WindowsInstalling a Sliding DoorPreparation of the Rough OpeningInstallation of a Wood Sliding DoorMasonry or Brick-Veneer Wall Installation of a Sliding DoorInstallation of a Perma-Shield Sliding DoorInstalling a Garage DoorEnergy FactorsChapter 9 Study Questions10 Exterior WallsWallsCorniceTypes of SidingSequenceJob PreparationVapor BarrierNail SelectionEstimating the Siding NeededScaffoldingJob-Built ScaffoldsFactory ScaffoldsLadder UseLadder SafetyScaffold SafetyRoof EdgesOpen EavesEnclosed CornicesSiding the Gable EndsInstalling SidingBoard SidingSiding LayoutNailingCorner FinishingPanel SidingNails and NailingNail ShanksNail PointsScrews Instead of NailsShingle and Shake SidingShinglesNailingShakesCornersPreparation for Other Wall FinishesStucco FinishBrick and Stone CoveringsAluminum SidingVertical Aluminum SidingSolid Vinyl SidingChapter 10 Study Questions11 House WiringLocal DistributionFarm ElectricitySafety Around ElectricityGrounded ConductorsHouse ServiceGround-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)Service EntrancePlanningPermitsLocal RegulationsService from Head to BoxInstallation of the ServiceInserting Wire into a ConduitDistribution PanelsRomex CableWire SizePlanning the Right Size Service and Circuits150-Ampere ServiceBranch CircuitsElectric Space HeatingAir ConditioningSpace Heating and Air-Conditioning OutletsEntrance SignalsCable TelevisionInstalling RomexBox VolumeLighting FixturesWires and BoxesElectric RangesConnecting Ranges PermanentlySizing a Range over 12,000 WattsTap ConductorsClothes DryersMicrowave OvensOverhead Garage DoorsGarage Door OpenerElectric Water HeatersGarbage DisposersAir ConditionersNewer Wiring SystemsHigh-Speed, High-Performance Cable for Voice and Data ApplicationsInstallation of CableService CenterChapter 11 Study Questions12 PlumbingSequencePlumbing SystemsSupply LinesDrainsP Traps and DrainsSystem VentsCleanoutsPlanningContractors and PlumbersPipe Type<br/>Locating PipesChapter 12 Study Questions13 InsulationTypes of InsulationHow Much Is Enough?Where to InsulateInstalling InsulationInstalling Insulation in CeilingsInstallation SafetyInstalling Insulation in Unfloored AtticsInstalling Insulation in Floored AtticsInstalling Insulation in FloorsInsulating Basement WallsInsulating Crawl SpacesInstalling Insulation in WallsVapor Barriers and Moisture ControlCondensationThermal CeilingsInstalling Thermal Ceiling PanelsDecorative BeamsStorm WindowsStorm DoorsSealantsWinterizing a HomeInsulating Foam SealantChapter 13 Study Questions14 Interior Walls and CeilingsSequencePutting Insulation in WallsInstalling a Moisture BarrierPutting Up Gypsum BoardPutting Up the CeilingApplying Ceiling SheetsCutting Gypsum BoardApplying Wall SheetsDouble-Ply ConstructionFinishing Joints and SeamsCeiling PanelsTub and Shower Wall PreparationPaneling WallsBoard WallsPlastered Wall PreparationNailing Plaster GroundsFinishing Masonry WallsCeiling Tile InstallationTiles Over Flat CeilingsFurring Strips Used to Install Ceiling TileSuspended Ceilings InstallationConcealed Suspended CeilingsEnvironmental ConcernsChapter 14 Study Questions15 Interior FinishingSequenceInterior Doors and Window FramesStandard Sizes of DoorsInterior DoorsDoorsWindow TrimFinishing Wooden-Frame WindowsFinishing Metal Window FramesCabinets and MillworkInstalling Ready-Built CabinetsKitchen PlanningMaking Custom CabinetsShelvesApplying Finish TrimApplying Finish MaterialsApplying StainApplying the Wall FinishFloor Preparation and FinishLaying Wooden FlooringPreparation for Laying FlooringFinishing FloorsFinishing Wood FloorsBase Flooring for CarpetInstalling CarpetResilient FlooringInstalling Resilient Flooring SheetsInstalling Resilient Block FlooringLaying Ceramic TileEnvironmental ConcernsChapter 15 Study Questions16 Paints and PaintingCoatingsPigmentsPaintStainsBefore You Start PaintingEnamelsShellacProper Surface PreparationBrushesWood StainsTung Oil and LacquerLacquerPaint Scrapers or RemoversRollersSpray GunsDrop ClothsSetting Up a LadderChapter 16 Study Questions17 Special Construction MethodsStairsStair PartsStair ShapesStair DesignSequence in Stair ConstructionCarriage LayoutFrame the StairsInstall Housed CarriagesStair SystemsUpeasings, Caps, and QuarterturnsStarting StepsTreads and RisersRosettes and BracketsFolding StairsLocating the StairwayMaking the Rough OpeningTemporary Support for the StairwayPlacing Stairway in the Rough OpeningAdjustmentsFireplace FramesCeilings and Roofs OpeningsFireplace TypesGeneral Design FactorsGas VentsRound Gas VentAir SupplyVent Connector Type and SizeVent LocationClearances and EnclosuresFire StoppingUse of Gas-Vent FittingsMinimum Gas-Vent HeightSupportGas TerminationTop InstallationTop Installation of 10- to 24-Inch VentsChecking Vent OperationPaintingPost-and-Beam ConstructionGeneral ProceduresDecksPlatformFrameSupportGuard RailsRaised DeckStepsConcrete PatiosSand and Gravel BaseExpansion JointsThe MixFormsPlacing the JointsPouring the ConcreteFinishingFloatingTrowelingBroomingGroovingFencesInstallationSetting PostsAttaching the RailsAttaching FenceboardsNails and FastenersGatesEnergy ConservationChapter 17 Study Questions18 Maintenance and RemodelingPlanning the JobDiagnosing ProblemsSequencing Work to Be DoneMinor Repairs and RemodelingAdjusting DoorsAdjusting LocksInstalling Drapery HardwareRepairing Damaged Sheetrock Walls (Drywall)Installing New CountertopsRepairing a Leaking RoofReplacing GutteringExtruding Gutters to Fit the HouseReplacing a FloorPaneling a RoomInstalling a CeilingReplacing an Outside Basement DoorConverting Existing SpacesAdding a BathroomProviding Additional StorageEnclosing a PorchAdding Space to Existing BuildingsPlanning an AdditionSpecificationsCreating New StructuresCustom-Built Storage ShedEnvironmental ConcernsChapter 18 Study Questions19 The Carpenter and the IndustryBroadening Horizons in CarpentryNew Building MaterialsChanging Construction ProceduresInnovations in Building DesignBuilding Codes And Zoning ProvisionsBuilding CodesCommunity Planning and ZoningOverbuildingTrends and EffectsManufactured HousingTypes of Factory-Produced BuildingsPremanufactured ApartmentsManufactured HomesNewer Plastic PipesThe Green Home and the CarpenterCarpenters and the TradeChapter 19 Study Questions20 BathroomsRoom ArrangementFunction and SizeBuilding CodesPlumbingElectricalVentilationSpacingOther RequirementsVarious Types of Floor CoveringsFurnishingsFixturesToilet SelectionToilet InstallationBidetsVanity AreasCountertop BasinsOther Materials for CountertopsWall-Mounted BasinsBathing AreasBathtubsShowersFittingsLighting and Electrical ConsiderationsBathroom Built-InsBathroom LayoutsWheelchair AccessibleFloors and WallsEnvironmental ConsiderationsChapter 20 Study Questions21 Construction for Solar HeatingPassive Solar HeatingIndirect GainDirect GainIsolated GainTime-Lag HeatingUnderground HeatingPassive Cooling SystemsNatural VentilationInduced VentilationDesiccant CoolingEvaporative CoolingNight-Sky Radiation CoolingTime-Lag CoolingUnderground CoolingActive Solar Heating SystemsOperation of Solar Heating SystemsDomestic Water-Heating SystemIndirect Heating/Circulating SystemsAir TransferCycle OperationDesigning the Domestic Water-Heating SystemOther ComponentsIs This for Me?Building ModificationsBuilding UndergroundAdvantagesChapter 21 Study Questions22 Alternative Framing MethodsWood Frames PredominateSteel FramingAdvantages and Disadvantages of Steel-Framed HomesTypes of Steel FramingTools Used in Steel FramingSequenceGalvanized FramingInsulated Concrete FormsAdvantages and Disadvantages to ICFsTools Used in Insulated Concrete Form FramingSequenceTypes of FoamThree Types of ICF SystemsFoam Working ToolsGluing and Tying UnitsPouring ConcreteConcrete BlockChapter 22 Study Questions23 Permanent Wood Foundation SystemPanel FoundationsBuilding MaterialsEnergy ConsiderationsFinishingAdding Living SpaceRemodelingFlexibilityPressure-Treated Wood Concerns and ConsiderationsTypes of Wood PreservativeConstructing the PWFRadonAdvantages of the PWFSoil ConditionsSite PreparationFootings and BackfillSite DrainageBuilding the PWF Step by StepFinishing a PWF House24 Private Water SystemsPublic Water SuppliesPrivate Water SystemsDrilling a Well, Boring a Well, or Driving a WellDrinking WaterWell WaterWater PressurePressure TanksOperation of the Pressure TankPressure SwitchRelief Valve (Pressure)Pump InstallationTest RunPressure Tank InstallationWater Conditioning EquipmentLocating the EquipmentChapter 24 Study Questions25 Private Sewage FacilitiesSeptic Tanks and Disposal FieldsSeptic Tank OperationSeptic Tank LocationSeptic Tank Disposal FieldThe Grease TrapNewer Wastewater TreatmentsEnvironmental ConcernsChapter 25 Study QuestionsGlossaryIndex