Cardiac Surgery

Shahzad G. Raja graduated from King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan.  He carried out his basic surgical training at Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. He passed M.R.C.S. from Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 2001 and Intercollegiate Board Examination in Cardiothoracic Surgery in 2009. Dr. Raja received his specialist training in cardiothoracic surgery within the Glasgow University Hospitals, Harefield Hospital,  and Great Ormond Street Hospital.  He currently works as a consultant cardiac surgeon at Harefield Hospital, London. His interests lie in medical writing, undergraduate teaching, medical education, and clinical research. Dr. Raja has a special interest in assessing the impact of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery in improving outcomes

• Cardiac Cathetrization.- Fractional Flow Reserve.- Echocardiography.- Cardiac Computed Tomography & Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- Assessment Of Myocardial Viability.- Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography.- Blood Conservation Strategies In Cardiac Surgery.- Inotropes & Constrictors.- Cardiac Pacing In Adults.- Adult Cardiopulmonary Bypass.- Myocardial Protection.- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia.- Tissue Sealant.- Conduits For Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.- Endoscopic Saphenous Vein & Radial Artery Harvesting.- Conventional Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.- Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.- Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass.- Total Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass.- Reoperation For Coronary Artery Disease.- Hybrid Coronary Revascularisation.- Bilateral Internal Mammary Artery Grafting.- Total Arterial Revascularisation.- Anastomotic Devices For Coronary Artery Surgery.- Postinfarction Ventricular Septal Defect.- Ischaemic Mitral Regurgitation.- Ventricular Aneurysms.- Coronary Endarterectomy.- Transmyocardial Revascularization.- Gene Therapy For Coronary Artery Disease.- Combined Carotid And Coronary Artery Disease.- Coronary Artery Aneurysms And Fistulas.- Mechanical Prosthetic Valves.- Stented Bioprosthetic Valves.-  Stentless Xenograft Valves.- Homografts.- Bentall & Mini-Bentall Aortic Root Replacement.- Aortic Valve Sparing Root Replacement.- Aortic Valve Repair.- The Small Aortic Root.- The Ross Operation.- Bicuspid Aortic Valve & Aortopathy.-  Mitral Valve Replacement.- Techniques For Mitral Valve Repair.- Mitral Valve Repair For Barlow Valve.- Mitral Valve Repair In Rheumatic Mitral Disease.- Native Valve Endocarditis.- Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis.- Tricuspid Valve Surgery.- Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Surgery.- Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery.- Transcatheter Aortic Valve Therapies.- Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement.- Transcatheter Mitral Valve Therapies.- Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Therapies.- Carcinoid Heart Disease.- Acute Type A Aortic Dissection.- Acute Type B Aortic Dissection.- Chronic Type B Aortic Dissection.-  Aortic Intramural Haematoma & Penetrating Aortic Ulcer.-  Ascending Aortic Aneurysms.- Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms.- Aortic Arch Aneurysms.- Hybrid Aortic Arch Repair.- Endovascular Stent Grafting Of Thoracic Aorta.- Neuroprotective Strategies During Aortic Surgery.- Sinus Of Valsalva Aneurysms.- Elephant Trunk Procedures.- Porcelain Ascending Aorta.- Marfan Syndrome.- Pharmacologic Support Of The Failing Heart.- Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy For Heart Failure.- Intraaortic Balloon Pump.- Extracorporeal Life Support In The Adult.- Temporary Circulatory Support Devices.- Circulatory Support Devices For Chronic Support & Destination Therapy.- Cardiac Transplantation.- Heart-Lung Transplantation.- Immunosuppression In Cardiac Transplantation.- Complications Of Heart Transplantation.- Cardiac Tumours.-  Concomitant Cardiac And Thoracic Operations.- Trauma To The Heart And Great Vessels.- Pericardial Disease.- Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy.- Surgical Management Of Atrial Fibrillation.- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.- Left Ventricular Volume Reduction.- Neurocognitive Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery.- Renal Failure After Cardiac Surgery.- Bleeding & Re-Exploration After Cardiac Surgery.- Sternal Wound Infection.- Atrioventricular Disruption.- Paediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass And Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest.- Myocardial Protection In Children.- Paediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation & Mechanical Circulatory Assist Devices.- Valve Replacement In Children.- Palliative Operations For Congenital Heart Disease.- Coronary Artery Disease In Children.- Congenital Aortic Stenosis.- Atrial Septal Defects.- Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection.- Isolated Ventricular Septal Defect.-  Patent Ductus Arteriosus.- Aortopulmonary Window.- Coarctation Of The Aorta.-  Pulmonary Valve Stenosis.- Truncus Arteriosus.- Transposition Of The Great Arteries.- Congenitally Corrected Transposition Of The Great Arteries.- Tetralogy Of Fallot.- Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.- Aortic Arch Interruption.- Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum.- Complete Atrioventricular Canal.-  Double Outlet Right Ventricle.- Ebstein’s Anomaly.- Vascular Rings & Pulmonary Artery Slings.- Congenital Mitral Valve Disease.- Pediatric Cardiac Transplantation.

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