Cardiac Mapping

Mohammad Shenasa, MD, PhD, Attending Physician, Department of Cardiovascular Services, O'Connor Hospital, Heart & Rhythm Medical Group, San Jose, CA, USA. Gerhard Hindricks, MD, Professor of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Leipzig, Heart Center Director, Department of Electrophysiology, Leipzig, Germany. David J. Callans, MD, Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. John M. Miller, MD, Professor of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Mark E. Josephson, MD, Professor Emeritus, Herman C. Dana Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Chief of Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.

• About the Companion Website and Companion Digital Edition xiiList of Videos xiiiList of Contributors xviEditors of Previous Editions xxxivPreface to the Fifth Edition xxxvPreface to the First Edition xxxviForeword by Douglas P. Zipes and A. John Camm xxxviiPart I Fundamentals of Cardiac Mapping1 History of Cardiac Mapping 1Stephan Zellerhoff, Lars Eckardt, and Gunter Breithardt2 Embryology, Anatomy, and Pathology of Ventricular Outflow Tracts Related to Cardiac Mapping and Arrhythmias 7Bastiaan J.D. Boukens, Cristina Basso, Federico Migliore, Stefania Rizzo, and Gaetano Thiene3 Arrhythmogenic Venous Extremity of the Cardiac Tube 29Marco Galeazzi4 The Impact of Embryology and Anatomy on Cardiac Electrophysiology 37Maxim Didenko and Fred Kusumoto5 Cardiac Morphology Relevant to Mapping 46Niyada Naksuk, Vaibhav R. Vaidya, Nirusha Lachman, and Samuel J. Asirvatham6 Anatomy of the Outflow Tract Region: Relevance to Arrhythmias and Catheter Ablation 61Andres Enriquez, Jason Bradfield, Kalyanam Shivkumar, and Fermin C. Garcia7 Fundamentals of Cardiac Mapping 70Fu Siong Ng, Caroline Roney, Chris D. Cantwell, and Nicholas S. Peters8 Troubleshooting to Avoid Failed Ablation 84Krishna Kancharla, Suraj Kapa, and Samuel J. AsirvathamPart II Imaging Technologies in Cardiac Mapping and Ablation9 Intracardiac Echocardiography 95Pasquale Santangeli, Mathew D. Hutchinson, and David J. Callans10 Role of Cardiac Computed Tomography Imaging to Guide Catheter Ablation of Arrhythmias in Complex Cardiac Morphologies 104Farhood Saremi11 Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Relation to Arrhythmias in Different Cardiomyopathies 123John Duell and Timm Dickfeld12 Multimodal Imaging for Cardiac Mapping 136Donald D. Hegland, Kevin P. Jackson, and James P. Daubert13 Light and the Heart: Cardiac Optogenetics 152Naim Shaheen, Amit Gruber, and Lior Gepstein14 Cardiac Mapping and Imaging in Patient Selection for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: How to Identify Super‐responders, Responders, and Non‐responders 170Bettina Kirstein and Christopher PiorkowskiPart III Advances in Technology15 Towards Non‐invasive Mapping and Imaging of Cardiac Arrhythmias 180Edgard A. Prihadi, Victoria Delgado, and Jeroen J. Bax16 New High‐Density and Automated Mapping Systems 197Albert Y. Sun, Jonathan P. Piccini, and James P. Daubert17 Non‐invasive Body Surface Potential Mapping of Reentrant Drivers in Human Atrial Fibrillation 211Ruairidh Martin, Meleze Hocini, Remi Dubois, Nicholas Derval, Pierre Jais, and Michel Haissaguerre18 Electrophysiology of Heart Failure: Non‐invasive Mapping of Substrate and Guidance of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy with Electrocardiographic Imaging 220Yoram Rudy19 Contact Mapping and Ablation of Complex Cardiac Arrhythmias 236Sanjiv M. Narayan, Junaid A.B. Zaman, Chad Brodt, Fatemah Shenasa, Tina Baykaner, and Wouter‐Jan Rappel20 Advances in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation 252Atul Verma and Mohammad Shenasa21 Integration of Contact Force into Mapping and Ablation Systems: Does It Improve the Results? 289Waqas Ullah and Richard Schilling22 Advances in Molecular Imaging Relevant to Arrhythmias 300Arnold F. Jacobson and Jagat NarulaPart IV Mapping in Experimental Models of Cardiac Arrhythmias23 Optical Mapping of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ and Transmembrane Potential in the Intact Heart: Insights into Ca2+‐mediated Arrhythmias 313Lianguo Wang and Crystal M. Ripplinger24 Electrophysiological Substrates for Gender Difference in the Incidence of Torsades de Pointes Arrhythmias 321Nabil El‐Sherif , Herman D. Himel, Yuan Yue, Mohamed Boutjdir , and Mark Restivo25 Rotors in Animal Models of Atrial Fibrillation 330Omer Berenfeld, David Filgueiras‐Rama, and Makarand Deo26 Atrial Fibrillation from a Unipolar, High‐resolution Perspective 343Natasja M.S. de Groot, Maurits A. Allessie, Lisette J.M.E. van der Does, and Ad J.J.C. Bogers27 Mechanisms Underlying Arrhythmogenesis in the J‐wave Syndromes 351Eleonora Savio‐Galimberti, Mariana Argenziano, and Charles Antzelevitch28 Relationship Between Cardiac Alternans, Calcium Cycling, and Ventricular Arrhythmias 364James N. Weiss and Zhilin Qu29 Fibrosis and Arrhythmogenesis 375Andre G. Kleber and Michiel J. Janse30 Triggered Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias Initiated by Enhanced Late Inward Na and Ca Currents: Novel Therapeutic Targets 383Hrayr S. Karagueuzian31 Experimental VT: A New Porcine Model of Infarct‐related Reentrant VT 398Elad Anter, Andrew L. Wit, and Mark E. Josephson32 Experimental Mapping of Ventricular Arrhythmias: Intramural Pathways and Substrate 408Nigel A. Lever, Ian J. LeGrice, Darren A. Hooks, Mark L. Trew , Bryan J. Caldwell, and Bruce H. Smaill33 The Molecular Basis of Long QT Type 2 (LQT2)‐related Arrhythmias: How Sex Modifies the Risk of Torsades de Pointes 422Jan Němec, Jong J. Kim, and Guy Salama34 Optical Mapping of Arrhythmogenic Remodeling in the Failing Human Heart 431Fu Siong Ng, Jaclyn A. Brennan, and Igor R. Efimov35 Optical Mapping of Successful and Failed Defibrillation 448Kedar K. Aras, Bastiaan J.D. Boukens, Crystal M. Ripplinger, Christopher R. Gloschat, and Igor R. Efimov36 Atrial Patterns of Neurally Induced Repolarization Changes: Neuroablative Studies in Canines 464Rene Cardinal and Pierre PagePart V Mapping and Imaging in Atrial Fibrillation, Flutter, and Atrial Tachycardias37 Clinical Relevance of Functional Models of Atrial Reentry and Fibrillation 473Stanley Nattel and Vincent Algalorrondo38 Rotor Mapping in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation 482Sanjiv M. Narayan, Tina Baykaner, Chad Brodt, Junaid A.B. Zaman, Christopher A.B. Kowalewski, David Vidmar, and Wouter‐Jan Rappel39 Rotor Mapping and Ablation in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation 496Yenn‐Jiang Lin, Men‐Tzung Lo, Li‐Wei Lo, Fa‐Po Chung, and Shih‐Ann Chen40 Mapping and Ablation of Atrial Flutter and its Variants 506Gregory K. Feld, Jonathan Hsu, Gautam Lalani, and Amir Schricker41 Mapping and Ablation of Left Atrial Flutter and Tachycardia: New Observations 530Philipp Sommer and Gerhard Hindricks42 Mapping and Ablation of Atrial Tachycardia 538Karoly Kaszala, Jayanthi Koneru, and Kenneth A. Ellenbogen43 Image‐based Risk Stratification for Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation 553Jorge Romero, David Briceno, Carola Gianni, Sanghamitra Mohanty , Andrea Natale, Mario Garcia, and Luigi Di Biase44 Revisiting Non‐pulmonary Vein Triggers 565Carola Gianni, Javier E. Sanchez, Amin Al‐Ahmad, Rodney P. Horton, Patrick M. Hranitzky, J. David Burkhardt, Sanghamitra Mohanty, Chintan Trivedi, Luigi Di Biase, and Andrea Natale45 Mechanisms of Antifibrillatory Agents for Atrial Fibrillation: Evidence Obtained from Experimental Models 580Gerrit Frommeyer and Lars Eckardt46 Stepwise Approach to Atrial Fibrillation Mapping and Ablation in Persistent and Long‐standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Short‐ and Long‐term Results 587Julia Vogler, Boris A. Hoffmann, Daniel Steven, Christian Meyer, Benjamin Schaeffer, Doreen Schreiber, Arian Sultan, Thomas Rostock, and Stephan Willems47 Mapping and Ablation of the Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System to Treat Atrial Fibrillation 594Stavros Stavrakis, Paul Garabelli, Benjamin J. Scherlag, and Sunny S. Po48 Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation: Novel Mapping Studies 604Thomas H. Everett IV and Jeffrey E. Olgin49 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mapping of Atrial Fibrosis and Atrial Fibrillation 618Leenhapong Navaravong and Nassir F. Marrouche50 Fibrotic Atrial Cardiomyopathy: Implications for Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation 628Hans Kottkamp, Andreas Rieger, Fabian Moser, and Christian Poenisch51 Mapping and Ablation of the Left Atrial Appendage 635Anthony J. Choi and Moussa Mansour52 Electrogram‐based Mapping and Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation 643Ayman A. Hussein and Walid Saliba53 Phase Mapping of Human Atrial Fibrillation 652Mohammed Saeed, Omer Berenfeld, and Hakan Oral54 Trials on Atrial Fibrillation Mapping and Ablation 660Antonio Sorgente and Riccardo CappatoPart VI Mapping of Supraventricular Arrhythmias55 Entrainment Mapping in Supraventricular Tachycardias 665John M. Miller, Rahul Jain, Gopi Dandamudi, Seeongwook Han, and Thomas R. Kambur56 The Problematic Postpacing Interval 678John M. Miller, Rahul Jain, Gopi Dandamudi, Seeongwook Han, and Thomas R. Kambur57 Mapping and Ablation of Typical and Atypical Accessory Pathways 689James P. Daubert and Edward Sze58 Preexcited Atrioventricular Junctional Reentrant Tachycardia: Electrophysiological Characteristics of the Reentrant Circuits 717Mohammad‐Reza Jazayeri and Mohammad‐Ali Jazayeri59 Mapping and Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia and its Variants: Current Understanding and Controversies 751Demosthenes G. Katritsis and Mark E. Josephson60 Electrical Stimulation Maneuvers to Differentiate Different Forms of Supraventricular Tachycardias 766Kevin Ng, George J. Klein, Allan C. Skanes, Lorne J. Gula, Raymond Yee, Jaimie Manlucu, and Peter Leong‐Sit61 Mechanisms of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: What Do the Clinical Mapping Studies Teach Us? 780Tomos E. Walters, Geoffrey Lee, and Jonathan M. Kalman62 Imaging and Mapping of Arrhythmias in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 798Mark S. Link, Christopher Phelan, Mohamed Aljaabari, and N. A. Mark Estes, III63 Mapping and Ablation of Supraventricular Arrhythmias in Congenital Heart Disease 809Paul Khairy64 Cardiac Mapping and Imaging: Arrhythmias in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease 824Sabine ErnstPart VII Mapping and Imaging of Ventricular Arrhythmias65 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Normal Hearts 833David J. Callans, Fermin C. Garcia, and Pasquale Santangeli66 The Combination of a Basket Catheter and EnSite™ Mapping System Improves Catheter Ablation of Right Ventricle Outflow Premature Ventricular Contraction 843Takashi Tokano and Yuji Nakazato67 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias: Patients with Non‐Ischemic Cardiomyopathy 854Roy M. John and William G. Stevenson68 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease 864Elizabeth DeWitt and Edward P. Walsh69 Substrate Ablation for Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease 881Jorge Romero, David Briceno, Carola Gianni , Sanghamitra Mohanty , J. David Burkhardt , Soo Kim, Amin Al‐Ahmad, Andrea Natale , and Luigi Di Biase70 Coronary Mapping and Ablation of Arrhythmias 894Sercan Okutucu and Ali Oto71 Endocardial Catheter Pace Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardias 901Mithilesh K. Das, John M. Miller, Deepak Bhakta, Gopi Dandamudi, and Thomas R. Kambur72 Resetting and Entrainment Phenomena: Application to Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia 911Mark E. Josephson, Jesus Almendral, Eduardo Castellanos, Teresa Barrio‐Lopez, and Mercedes Ortiz73 Mapping and Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation 922Ghassen Cheniti, Meleze Hocini, Nathaniel Thompson, Arnaud Denis, Josselin Duchateau, Ruairidh Martin, Masateru Takigawa, Antonio Frontera, Gregoire Massoullie, Konstantinos Vlachos, Takeshi Kitamura, Michael Wolf, Nicolas Derval, Frederic Sacher, Pierre Jais, Remi Dubois, and Michel Haissaguerre74 Mapping and Ablation in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy: Epicardial and Endocardial Mapping and Long‐Term Results 934Fabrizio Assis and Harikrishna Tandri75 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Cardiac Sarcoidosis 947Matthew M. Zipse, Wendy S. Tzou, and William H. Sauer76 Cardiac Mapping and Imaging in Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias in Chagas Disease Undergoing Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia 960Cristiano Faria Pisani, Mauricio Scanavacca, and Andre D’Avila77 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Different Cardiomyopathies (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, Amyloidosis, etc.) 970Jonathan Chrispin and Saman Nazarian78 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias of Unusual Sites 978Srikant Duggirala and Edward P. Gerstenfeld79 Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease 992Tanyanan Tanawuttiwat and Joseph E. Marine80 Epicardial Mapping in Different Ventricular Tachycardia Substrates: Technique and Instrumentation, Short‐ and Long‐term Results 1007Henry H. Hsia and Zhenning Nie81 Usefulness of the 12‐Lead ECG to Identify Epicardial Ventricular Substrate and Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia Site of Origin 1028Victor Bazan and Francis E. Marchlinski82 Mapping and Imaging of Fascicular Ventricular Tachycardia 1050Rakesh Latchamsetty and Frank Bogun83 Scar‐Related Ventricular Tachycardia Mapping and Ablation Using Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1062Antonio Berruezo, Juan Fernandez‐Armenta, Diego Penela, Juan Acosta, Josep Brugada, Lluis Mont , and Beatriz JaureguiPart VIII Future Directions and Technologies in Cardiac Mapping and Imaging of Cardiac Arrhythmias84 Myocardial Elastography 1073Elisa Konofagou85 Electromechanical Wave Imaging 1083Elisa Konofagou86 Principles of Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Myocardium: Clinical Applications 1096Mohammad Shenasa, Hossein Shenasa, and Javad Rahimian87 Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tractography of the Heart 1113Choukri Mekkaoui and David E. Sosnovik88 Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cardiac Electrophysiology 1124David E. Sosnovik89 Real‐Time MRI Mapping and Ablation 1132Sebastian Hilbert, Philipp Sommer, Ingo Paetsch, Cosima Jahnke, and Gerhard Hindricks90 Robotic Navigation for Atrial Fibrillation: Mapping and Ablation 1137Jonathan S. Steinberg and Robert Altman91 Mapping and Ablation in Patients with VT Storm: Role of Neuraxial Therapeutics 1140Olujimi A. Ajijola, Kalyanam Shivkumar, and Marmar Vaseghi92 Appropriateness of Mapping and Imaging Modalities in Interventional Electrophysiology 1152Emily P. Zeitler and Sana M. Al‐Khatib93 How to Avoid Complications of Mapping and Ablation 1161David E. Haines94 Summary and Consensus of Guidelines for Cardiac Mapping and Ablation 1174David Spragg and Hugh Calkins95 A Roadmap to a Non‐invasive Radiosurgical Approach to Ablate the Pulmonary Vein Antra for an Effective Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: Basic and Technical Principles 1182Javad Rahimian, Artour Torossian, and Mohammad Shenasa96 Future of Cardiac Mapping 1193Douglas L. Packer and Deepak Padmanabhan97 The Evolution of Cardiac Mapping: Past, Present, Future 1212Mohammad Shenasa, Atul Verma, and Kumaraswamy NanthakumarEpilogue by Denis Noble 1228Index 1229