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An interdisciplinary guide to carbon capture across technology, policy, and economics Of the approximately 36 billion tons of CO2 emitted annually, only about 40 million tons are currently captured and stored, highlighting a critical gap in global decarbonization efforts. Carbon Capture and Environmental Sustainability: Pathways to a Low-Carbon Future provides an integrated perspective on carbon capture technologies, climate science, carbon footprint analysis, and their integration with renewable energy systems and digitalization-driven energy optimization. The book goes beyond technical fundamentals to examine the economic, policy, social, and cultural factors that influence the deployment and scalability of carbon capture solutions. It combines engineering-based analysis with accessible discussion of how these broader dimensions shape real-world energy transition pathways. Readers gain the tools to evaluate emerging carbon capture technologies and assess real-world sustainability of proposed climate solutions. The book also covers: How digitalization and energy optimization strategies enhance the efficiency and scalability of carbon capture and storage operationsPolicy frameworks and regulatory mechanisms that drive or constrain adoption of carbon capture at national and international levelsSocial and cultural factors influencing public acceptance, community and stakeholder engagement with decarbonization projects across different regionsEconomic analysis of carbon capture deployment costs, funding models, and market incentives supporting low-carbon energy transitionsIntegration of carbon capture with renewable energy systems to enhance overall emissions reductionWritten for engineers, energy-sector professionals, researchers, graduate students, and sustainability practitioners, this book provides a practical, interdisciplinary foundation for understanding how carbon capture and sustainability strategies operate across technical, societal, and economic domains, enabling informed decision-making in decarbonization efforts.
KARAN SOTOODEH, PhD, is a consulting engineer who has authored nearly 20 books and more than 60 scientific articles with publishers including Wiley, Elsevier, Springer, and CRC Press. His work focuses primarily on carbon capture, hydrogen, renewable energy systems, and materials sustainability, establishing him as a prolific contributor to the decarbonization literature.
Preface xiii1 Introduction to Carbon Capture and Environmental Sustainability 11.1 What is Carbon Capture? 11.2 The Role of CO₂ in Global Climate Change 31.3 Definitions and Pillars of Environmental Sustainability 31.4 Historical Context and Evolution of Carbon Capture Technologies 41.5 Why Carbon Capture is Needed: A Multidimensional Perspective 51.6 Bridging Policy, Environment, and Ethics 101.7 Structure and Objectives of This Book 131.8 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 14References 142 Climate Change, Global Emissions, and the Need for Carbon Capture 172.1 Overview of Global Climate Target and Role of CCS 172.2 Sources and Trends of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 192.3 Role of CO₂ and Its Global Impact 222.4 The Scientific Basis: IPCC Reports and Climate Models 272.5 The Paris Agreement and Global Carbon Targets 282.6 Limits of Current Climate Action and the Need for Carbon Capture 292.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 32References 333 Environmental Justice and Carbon Management Policies 373.1 What is Environmental Justice? 373.2 Historical Examples of Environmental Inequities 393.3 Justice in the Context of Carbon Capture 393.4 Policy Frameworks Supporting Just Carbon Management 413.5 Environmental Racism and Community Resistance 443.6 Ensuring Equitable Access and Participation 463.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 47References 474 Principles and Types of Carbon Capture Technologies 514.1 Overview of Carbon Capture Mechanisms 514.2 Post- combustion Capture 524.3 Precombustion Capture 544.4 Oxy- Fuel Combustion 564.5 Direct Air Capture (DAC) 574.6 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) 594.7 Comparative Evaluation— Efficiency, Cost, and Feasibility 624.8 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 63References 645 Social Acceptance and Public Perception of Carbon Capture Projects 675.1 Why Public Perception Matters? 675.2 Historical Cases of Public Opposition 685.3 Risk Communication and Transparency 695.4 Influence of Media and Social Networks 715.5 Behavioral Psychology and Climate Technology 735.6 Strategies for Building Trust and Acceptance 755.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 76References 776 Health, Safety, and Environmental (HSE) Considerations 816.1 Overview of HSE in Carbon Capture Projects 816.2 Occupational and Community Health Concerns 816.3 Environmental Impacts and Risk Scenarios 856.4 Pipeline Safety and CO2 Transportation Hazards 866.5 Safety Regulations and International Standards 896.6 Emergency Response and Contingency Planning 916.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 93References 947 Carbon Capture and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 997.1 Overview of the SDGs and Their Relevance to Carbon Capture 997.2 SDG 13 (Climate Action) 1017.3 SDG 7 (Clean Energy) and Renewable Integration 1037.4 SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) 1037.5 SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) 1067.6 Balancing Benefits and Challenges of CCS and SDGs 1107.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 110References 1118 Carbon Capture in Developing vs. Developed Countries 1158.1 Global Inequality in CCS Technology Access 1158.2 Infrastructure Gaps in Developing Countries 1188.3 Financial Barriers and the Role of Climate Finance 1208.4 Policy Readiness and Institutional Capacity 1238.5 North– South Technology Transfer and Equity 1258.6 Case Studies: Contrasting Regional Approaches Toward CCS 1278.7 Conclusion 1308.8 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 131References 1319 Policy Mechanisms and Regulatory Frameworks 1379.1 Overview of Carbon Policy Mechanisms 1379.2 Carbon Pricing: Taxes and Emissions Trading Systems 1399.3 Regulatory Mandates and Technology Standards 1409.4 Government Subsidies and Incentives 1429.5 International Frameworks and Agreements 1449.6 Evaluating Policy Effectiveness and Gaps 1479.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 149References 15010 Community Engagement and Ethical Dimensions of Carbon Projects 15510.1 Ethics of Large- Scale Environmental Technologies 15510.2 Procedural Justice and Inclusive Governance 15710.3 Informed Consent and Community Rights 15910.4 Trust- Building and Long- Term Commitments 16110.5 Benefit- Sharing Mechanisms 16310.6 Avoiding Green Colonialism and Ethical Missteps 16510.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 167References 16711 Carbon Capture and the Water–Energy Nexus 17111.1 Understanding the Water–Energy Nexus 17111.2 Water Demands of Carbon Capture Processes 17211.3 Energy Requirements and Carbon Intensity 17411.4 Geographic and Regional Constraints 17711.5 Design Strategies for Resource Optimization 18011.6 Challenges Facing CCS Projects 18211.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 183References 18412 Integration of Carbon Capture with Renewable Energy Systems 18912.1 Why Integration with Renewables Matters 18912.2 Opportunities for Bioenergy with CCS (BECCS) 19112.3 Solar- and Wind- Powered Capture Systems 19312.4 Hybrid Plant Designs and Case Examples 19712.5 Energy Storage, Load Management, and Flexibility 19912.6 Technical and Policy Challenges of Integration 20412.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 205References 20613 Carbon Capture, Circular Economy, and Resource Efficiency 21113.1 Circular Economy Structure 21113.2 From Waste to Value: CO₂ as a Resource 21313.3 Utilization Pathways: Fuels, Chemicals, and Building Materials 21613.4 Resource Efficiency in Capture Technologies 22013.5 Designing Closed- Loop Carbon Systems 22213.6 Industrial Symbiosis and Innovation 22313.7 Key Global CCS Initiatives and Projects 225References 22514 Economic Considerations and Financial Models 23114.1 Overview of Global Climate Targets and the Role of CCS 23114.2 Levelized Cost of CO2 Abatement (LCCA) 23314.3 Risk and Return in Low- Carbon Investment 24014.4 Carbon Credit Trading and Market Incentives 24414.5 Public–Private Partnerships and Financing Mechanisms 24614.6 Case Studies of Financially Feasible Projects 24914.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 251References 25215 Case Studies in Carbon Capture and Environmental Impact 25715.1 Case Study 1: Large-Scale CCS in the Power Sector 25715.2 Case Study 2: Industrial Capture and CO2 Utilization 26015.3 Case Study 3: BECCS Pilot Projects 26315.4 Case Study 4: Community- Led Environmental Monitoring 26615.5 Comparative Analysis of Environmental Outcomes 26915.6 Key Takeaways and Lessons Learned 27015.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 272References 27316 Future Perspectives: Justice, Sustainability, and System Redesign 27716.1 Summary of Crosscutting Themes 27716.2 Rethinking Carbon Capture Beyond Technology 27916.3 Long- Term Justice and Global Equity 28216.4 Regenerative Environmental Governance 28516.5 Innovations on the Horizon 28716.6 Strategic Recommendations and Calls to Action 29216.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 293References 29417 Artificial Intelligence, Digitalization, and Smart Carbon Capture Systems 29917.1 Role of Digitalization in Carbon Capture 29917.2 Foundations of AI and Machine Learning in Carbon Capture and Storage 30217.3 Digital Twins for Process Optimization 30617.4 Predictive Maintenance and Leak Detection Systems 31017.5 Automation and Smart Safety Systems 31317.6 Ethical, Workforce, and Cybersecurity Considerations 31617.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 318References 31918 Nature- Based Carbon Capture and Ecological Solutions 32518.1 Introduction to Nature- Based Carbon Removal 32518.2 Forest- Based Carbon Capture Systems 32818.3 Wetlands, Mangroves, and Blue Carbon Ecosystems 33118.4 Ocean Alkalinity and Marine- Based Approaches 33318.5 Soil- Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture 33518.6 Synergy Between Nature- Based and Engineered CCS Solutions 33718.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 340References 34119 Education, Skills Development, and Public Capacity- Building for Carbon Capture 34519.1 Importance of Knowledge and Skills in CCS Expansion 34519.2 University Programs and Technical Training Pathways 34719.3 Interdisciplinary Competencies for Future Workforce 34919.4 Public Awareness and Climate Education Programs 35219.5 International Collaboration and Knowledge Transfer 35419.6 Strategies for Long- Term Capacity- Building 35619.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 358References 35820 Ethics, Governance, and Long- Term Stewardship of Carbon Storage 36320.1 Ethical Considerations in Long- Term Carbon Storage 36320.2 Governance Models and Institutional Responsibilities 36520.3 Long- Term Monitoring and Liability Frameworks 36820.4 Transparency and Community Accountability 37120.5 International Legal and Regulatory Perspectives 37320.6 Designing Durable Stewardship Frameworks 37420.7 Key Highlights (Chapter Summary) 376References 377Index 383