Ahmed Al‑Rawi is an Associate Professor of News, Social Media, and Public Communication in the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University, Canada. He is also the founder of the Disinformation Project, and his research interests are related to news, global communication, misinformation, and social media with emphasis on Canada and the Middle East. Al‑Rawi is also a founding member of the Media & Digital Literacy Academy in Beirut.Carmen Celestini is a Lecturer in the Religious Studies Department at the University of Waterloo, Canada. She has previously been a Postdoctoral Fellow at Queen’s University, School of Religion and with the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser University, and with the Centre on Hate, Bias, and Extremism. As a multi‑disciplinary scholar, her research encompasses the overlapping belief systems of apocalyptic thought and conspiracy theories and the impact of these beliefs on politics in North America, extremism, Christian nationalism, hate, disinformation, and violence.Nicole K. Stewart is an Assistant Professor in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Texas State University in Austin, USA, and formerly a researcher with the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser University. Her research interests explore the social formations that emerge with the assemblage of publics and platforms.Joseph M. Nicolaï is a PhD candidate in Communication and a Research Assistant with the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser University, Canada. He is interested in questions of public participation and expertise, the social life of methods, and misinformation‑related issues. His PhD thesis examines Canadian news reporting on vaccine hesitancy.Nathan Worku is a Master of Public Health student at Simon Fraser University, Canada, where he worked with SFU’s Disinformation Project as a research assistant. His research interests include health equity, health communication, and knowledge translation.

• Introduction 1. RWE Context 2. RWE Actors 3. RWE Sites 4. Conclusion Appendix

"A solid introduction to the ecosystem of the far-right in Canada, which not only contextualizes the historical and contemporary landscape of right-wing extremism but also delves into the intricate web of conspiracy theories operating today. By employing a mixed-method approach, the authors offer a nuanced understanding of the ever-evolving far-right digital infrastructure that supports these extremist ideologies and allows them to thrive."Amarnath Amarasingam, Queen's University, Canada"This historically grounded account of the contours of right-wing extremism in Canada highlights the authors’ observation that the myriad conspiracy theories that characterize the contemporary movement have a long lineage. The book also offers detailed analysis of the ways in which the array of distinct and intersecting conspiracy theories finds a broad audience through their online dissemination. This is an important contribution to the still limited Canadian scholarship, offering a strong empirical analysis of the actors and ideologies that constitute the movement in the 2020s." Barbara Perry, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, Canada

Ahmed Al‑Rawi is an Associate Professor of News, Social Media, and Public Communication in the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University, Canada. He is also the founder of the Disinformation Project, and his research interests are related to news, global communication, misinformation, and social media with emphasis on Canada and the Middle East. Al‑Rawi is also a founding member of the Media & Digital Literacy Academy in Beirut.Carmen Celestini is a Lecturer in the Religious Studies Department at the University of Waterloo, Canada. She has previously been a Postdoctoral Fellow at Queen’s University, School of Religion and with the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser University, and with the Centre on Hate, Bias, and Extremism. As a multi‑disciplinary scholar, her research encompasses the overlapping belief systems of apocalyptic thought and conspiracy theories and the impact of these beliefs on politics in North America, extremism, Christian nationalism, hate, disinformation, and violence.Nicole K. Stewart is an Assistant Professor in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Texas State University in Austin, USA, and formerly a researcher with the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser University. Her research interests explore the social formations that emerge with the assemblage of publics and platforms.Joseph M. Nicolaï is a PhD candidate in Communication and a Research Assistant with the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser University, Canada. He is interested in questions of public participation and expertise, the social life of methods, and misinformation‑related issues. His PhD thesis examines Canadian news reporting on vaccine hesitancy.Nathan Worku is a Master of Public Health student at Simon Fraser University, Canada, where he worked with SFU’s Disinformation Project as a research assistant. His research interests include health equity, health communication, and knowledge translation.

• Introduction 1. RWE Context 2. RWE Actors 3. RWE Sites 4. Conclusion Appendix

"A solid introduction to the ecosystem of the far-right in Canada, which not only contextualizes the historical and contemporary landscape of right-wing extremism but also delves into the intricate web of conspiracy theories operating today. By employing a mixed-method approach, the authors offer a nuanced understanding of the ever-evolving far-right digital infrastructure that supports these extremist ideologies and allows them to thrive."Amarnath Amarasingam, Queen's University, Canada"This historically grounded account of the contours of right-wing extremism in Canada highlights the authors’ observation that the myriad conspiracy theories that characterize the contemporary movement have a long lineage. The book also offers detailed analysis of the ways in which the array of distinct and intersecting conspiracy theories finds a broad audience through their online dissemination. This is an important contribution to the still limited Canadian scholarship, offering a strong empirical analysis of the actors and ideologies that constitute the movement in the 2020s." Barbara Perry, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, Canada

Ahmed Al‑Rawi is an Associate Professor of News, Social Media, and Public Communication in the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University, Canada. He is also the founder of the Disinformation Project, and his research interests are related to news, global communication, misinformation, and social media with emphasis on Canada and the Middle East. Al‑Rawi is also a founding member of the Media & Digital Literacy Academy in Beirut.Carmen Celestini is a Lecturer in the Religious Studies Department at the University of Waterloo, Canada. She has previously been a Postdoctoral Fellow at Queen’s University, School of Religion and with the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser University, and with the Centre on Hate, Bias, and Extremism. As a multi‑disciplinary scholar, her research encompasses the overlapping belief systems of apocalyptic thought and conspiracy theories and the impact of these beliefs on politics in North America, extremism, Christian nationalism, hate, disinformation, and violence.Nicole K. Stewart is an Assistant Professor in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Texas State University in Austin, USA, and formerly a researcher with the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser University. Her research interests explore the social formations that emerge with the assemblage of publics and platforms.Joseph M. Nicolaï is a PhD candidate in Communication and a Research Assistant with the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser University, Canada. He is interested in questions of public participation and expertise, the social life of methods, and misinformation‑related issues. His PhD thesis examines Canadian news reporting on vaccine hesitancy.Nathan Worku is a Master of Public Health student at Simon Fraser University, Canada, where he worked with SFU’s Disinformation Project as a research assistant. His research interests include health equity, health communication, and knowledge translation.

• Introduction 1. RWE Context 2. RWE Actors 3. RWE Sites 4. Conclusion Appendix

"A solid introduction to the ecosystem of the far-right in Canada, which not only contextualizes the historical and contemporary landscape of right-wing extremism but also delves into the intricate web of conspiracy theories operating today. By employing a mixed-method approach, the authors offer a nuanced understanding of the ever-evolving far-right digital infrastructure that supports these extremist ideologies and allows them to thrive."Amarnath Amarasingam, Queen's University, Canada"This historically grounded account of the contours of right-wing extremism in Canada highlights the authors’ observation that the myriad conspiracy theories that characterize the contemporary movement have a long lineage. The book also offers detailed analysis of the ways in which the array of distinct and intersecting conspiracy theories finds a broad audience through their online dissemination. This is an important contribution to the still limited Canadian scholarship, offering a strong empirical analysis of the actors and ideologies that constitute the movement in the 2020s." Barbara Perry, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, Ontario Tech University, Canada