C Programming

K. N. King (Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) is Associate Professor of Computer Science at Georgia State University. He is the author of Modula-2: A Complete Guide and Java Programming: From the Beginning.

• 1. Introducing C1.1 History of COriginsStandardizationC++1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of CStrengthsWeaknessesEffective Use of C2. C Fundamentals2.1 Writing a Simple ProgramPROGRAM: Printing a PunCompiling and Linking2.2 The General Form of a Simple ProgramDirectivesFunctionsStatementsPrinting Strings2.3 Comments2.4 Variables and AssignmentTypesDeclarationsAssignmentPrinting the Value of a VariablePROGRAM: Computing the Dimensional Weight of a BoxInitializationPrinting Expressions2.5 Reading InputPROGRAM: Computing the Dimensional Weight of a Box (Revisited)2.6 Defining ConstantsPROGRAM: Converting from Fahrenheit to Celsius2.7 IdentifiersKeywords2.8 Layout of a C Program3. Formatted Input/Output3.1 The printf FunctionConversion SpecificationsPROGRAM: Using printf to Format NumbersEscape Sequences3.2 The scanf FunctionHow scanf WorksOrdinary Characters in Format StringsConfusing printf with scanfPROGRAM: Computing the Value of Stock Holdings4. Expressions4.1 Arithmetic OperatorsOperator Precedence and AssociativityPROGRAM: Computing a UPC Check Digit4.2 Assignment OperatorsSimple AssignmentLvaluesCompound Assignment4.3 Increment and Decrement Operators4.4 Expression EvaluationOrder of Subexpression Evaluation4.5 Expression Statements5 Selection Statements5.1 Logical ExpressionsRelational OperatorsEquality OperatorsLogical Operators5.2 The if StatementCompound StatementsThe else ClauseCascaded if StatementsPROGRAM: Calculating a Broker\'s CommissionThe \'Dangling else\' ProblemConditional ExpressionsBoolean Values5.3 The switch StatementThe Role of the break StatementPROGRAM: Printing a Date in Legal Form6. Loops6.1 The while StatementInfinite LoopsPROGRAM: Printing a Table of SquaresPROGRAM: Summing a Series of Numbers6.2 The do StatementPROGRAM: Calculating the Number of Digits in an Integer6.3 The for Statementfor Statement IdiomsOmitting Expressions in a for StatementThe Comma OperatorPROGRAM: Printing a Table of Squares (Revisited)6.4 Exiting from a LoopThe break StatementThe continue StatementThe goto StatementPROGRAM: Balancing a Checkbook6.5 The Null Statement7. Basic Types7.1 Integer TypesInteger ConstantsReading and Writing IntegersPROGRAM: Summing a Series of Numbers (Revisited)7.2 Floating TypesFloating ConstantsReading and Writing Floating-Point Numbers7.3 Character TypesEscape SequencesCharacter-Handling FunctionsReading and Writing CharactersPROGRAM: Determining the Length of a Message7.4 The sizeof Operator7.5 Type ConversionThe Usual Arithmetic ConversionsConversion During AssignmentCasting7.6 Type Definitions8. Arrays8.1 One-Dimensional ArraysArray SubscriptingPROGRAM: Reversing a Series of NumbersArray InitializationPROGRAM: Checking a Number for Repeated DigitsUsing the sizeof Operator with ArraysPROGRAM: Computing Interest8.2 Multidimensional ArraysInitializing a Multidimensional ArrayConstant ArraysPROGRAM: Dealing a Hand of Cards9. Functions9.1 Defining and Calling FunctionsPROGRAM: Computing AveragesPROGRAM: Printing a CountdownPROGRAM: Printing a Pun (Revisited)Function DefinitionsFunction CallsPROGRAM: Testing Whether a Number Is Prime9.2 Function Declarations9.3 ArgumentsArgument ConversionsArray Arguments9.4 The return StatementThe exit Function9.6 Recursive FunctionsThe Quicksort AlgorithmPROGRAM: Quicksort10. Program Organization10.1 Local VariablesParameters10.2 External VariablesExample: Using External Variables to Implement a StackPros and Cons of External VariablesPROGRAM: Guessing a Number10.3 Blocks10.4 Scope10.5 Organizing a C ProgramPROGRAM: Classifying a Poker Hand11. Pointers11.1 Pointer VariablesDeclaring Pointer Variables11.2 The Address and Indirection OperatorsThe Address OperatorThe Indirection Operator11.3 Pointer Assignment11.4 Pointers as ArgumentsPROGRAM: Finding the Largest and Smallest Elements in an ArrayUsing const to Protect Arguments11.5 Pointers as Return Values12. Pointers and Arrays12.1 Pointer ArithmeticAdding an Integer to a PointerSubtracting an Integer from a PointerSubtracting PointersComparing Pointers12.2 Using Pointers for Array ProcessingCombining the * and ++ Operators12.3 Using an Array Name as a PointerPROGRAM: Reversing a Series of Numbers (Revisited)Array Arguments (Revisited)Using a Pointer as an Array Name12.4 Pointers and Multidimensional ArraysProcessing the Elements of a Multidimensional ArrayProcessing the Rows of a Multidimensional ArrayUsing the Name of a Multidimensional Array as a Pointer13. Strings13.1 String LiteralsEscape Sequences in String LiteralsContinuing a String LiteralHow String Literals Are StoredOperations on String LiteralsString Literals versus Character Constants13.2 String VariablesInitializing a String VariableCharacter Arrays versus Character Pointers13.3 Reading and Writing StringsWriting Strings Using printf and putsReading Strings Using scanf and getsReading Strings Character by Character13.4 Accessing the Characters in a String13.5 Using the C String LibraryThe strcpy (String Copy) FunctionThe strcat (String Concatenate) FunctionThe strcmp (String Compare) FunctionThe strlen (String Length) FunctionPROGRAM: Printing a One-Month Reminder List13.6 String IdiomsSearching for the End of a StringCopying a String13.7 Arrays of StringsCommand-Line ArgumentsPROGRAM: Checking Planet Names14. The Preprocessor14.1 How the Preprocessor Works14.2 Preprocessor Directives14.3 Macro DefinitionSimple MacrosParameterized MacrosThe # OperatorThe ## OperatorGeneral Properties of MacrosParentheses in Macro DefinitionsCreating Longer MacrosPredefined Macros14.4 Conditional CompilationThe #if and #endif DirectivesThe defined OperatorThe #ifdef and #ifndef DirectivesThe #elif and #else DirectivesUses of Conditional Compilation14.5 Miscellaneous DirectivesThe #error DirectiveThe #line DirectiveThe #pragma Directive15. Writing Large Programs15.1 Source Files15.2 Header FilesThe #include DirectiveSharing Macro Definitions and Type DefinitionsSharing Function PrototypesSharing Variable DeclarationsNested IncludesProtecting Header Files#error Directives in Header Files15.3 Dividing a Program into FilesPROGRAM: Text Formatting15.4 Building a Multiple-File ProgramMakefilesErrors During LinkingRebuilding a ProgramDefining Macros Outside a Program16. Structures, Unions, and Enumerations16.1 Structure VariablesDeclaring Structure VariablesInitializing Structure VariablesOperations on Structures16.2 Structure TypesDeclaring a Structure TagDefining a Structure TypeStructures as Arguments and Return Values16.3 Nested Arrays and StructuresNested StructuresArrays of StructuresInitializing an Array of StructuresPROGRAM: Maintaining a Parts Database16.4 UnionsUsing Unions to Save SpaceUsing Unions to Build Mixed Data StructuresAdding a "Tag Field" to a Union16.5 EnumerationsEnumeration Tags and TypesEnumerations as IntegersUsing Enumerations to Declare "Tag Fields"17. Advanced Uses of Pointers17.1 Dynamic Storage AllocationMemory Allocation FunctionsNull Pointers17.2 Dynamically Allocated StringsUsing malloc to Allocate Memory for a StringUsing Dynamic Storage Allocation in String FunctionsArrays of Dynamically Allocated StringsPROGRAM: Printing a One-Month Reminder List (Revisited)17.3 Dynamically Allocated ArraysUsing malloc to Allocate Storage for an ArrayThe calloc FunctionThe realloc Function17.4 Deallocating StorageThe free FunctionThe "Dangling Pointer" Problem17.5 Linked ListsDeclaring a Node TypeCreating NodesThe -> OperatorInserting a Node at the Beginning of a Linked ListSearching a Linked ListDeleting a Node from a Linked ListOrdered ListsPROGRAM: Maintaining a Parts Database (Revisited)17.6 Pointers to Pointers17.7 Pointers to FunctionsFunction Pointers as ArgumentsThe qsort FunctionPROGRAM: Tabulating the Trigonometric Functions8. Declarations18.1 Declaration Syntax18.2 Storage ClassesProperties of VariablesThe auto Storage ClassThe extern Storage ClassThe register Storage ClassSummary18.3 Type Qualifiers18.4 DeclaratorsDeciphering Complex DeclarationsUsing Type Definitions to Simplify Declarations18.5 InitializersUninitialized Variables19. Program Design19.1 ModulesCohesion and CouplingTypes of Modules19.2 Information HidingA Stack Module19.3 Abstract Data TypesEncapsulation19.4 C++Differences between C and C++ClassesClass DefinitionsMember FunctionsConstructorsConstructors and Dynamic Storage AllocationDestructorsOverloadingObject-Oriented ProgrammingDerivationVirtual FunctionsTemplatesException Handling20. Low-Level Programming20.1 Bitwise OperatorsBitwise Shift OperatorsBitwise Complement, And, Exclusive Or, and Inclusive OrUsing the Bitwise Operators to Access BitsUsing the Bitwise Operators to Access Bit-FieldsPROGRAM: XOR Encryption20.2 Bit-Fields in StructuresHow Bit-Fields Are Stored20.3 Other Low-Level TechniquesDefining Machine-Dependent TypesUsing Unions to Provide Multiple Views of DataUsing Pointers as AddressesPROGRAM: Toggling the Num Lock KeyThe volatile Type Qualifier21. The Standard Library21.1 Using the LibraryRestrictions on Names Used in the LibraryFunctions Hidden by Macros21.2 Library Overview21.3 The Header: Common Definitions22. Input/Output22.1 StreamsFile PointersStandard Streams and RedirectionText Files versus Binary Files22.2 File OperationsOpening a FileModesClosing a FileAttaching a File to a Streambtaining File Names from the Command LinePROGRAM: Checking Whether a File Can Be OpenedTemporary FilesFile BufferingMiscellaneous File Operations22.3 Formatted I/OThe ...printf Functions...printf Conversion SpecificationsExamples of ...printf Conversion SpecificationsThe ...scanf Functions...scanf Format Strings...scanf Conversion Specificationsscanf ExamplesDetecting End-of-File and Error Conditions22.4 Character I/OOutput FunctionsInput FunctionsPROGRAM: Copying a File22.5 Line I/OOutput FunctionsInput Functions22.6 Block I/O22.7 File PositioningPROGRAM: Modifying a File of Part Records22.8 String I/O23. Library Support for Numbers and Character Data23.1 The Header: Characteristics of Floating Types23.2 The Header: Sizes of Integral Types23.3 The Header: MathematicsErrorsTrigonometric FunctionsHyperbolic FunctionsExponential and Logarithmic FunctionsPower FunctionsNearest Integer, Absolute Value, and Remainder Functions23.4 The Header: Character HandlingCharacter-Testing FunctionsPROGRAM: Testing the Character-Testing FunctionsCharacter Case-Mapping FunctionsPROGRAM: Testing the Case-Mapping Functions23.5 The Header: String HandlingCopying FunctionsConcatenation FunctionsComparison FunctionsSearch FunctionsMiscellaneous Functions24. Error Handling24.1 The Header: Diagnostics24.2 The Header: ErrorsThe perror and strerror Functions24.3 The Header: Signal HandlingSignal MacrosThe signal FunctionPredefined Signal HandlersThe raise FunctionPROGRAM: Testing Signals24.4 The Header: Nonlocal JumpsPROGRAM: Testing setjmp/longjmp25. International Features25.1 The Header: LocalizationCategoriesThe setlocale FunctionThe localeconv Function25.2 Multibyte Characters and Wide CharactersMultibyte CharactersWide CharactersMultibyte Character FunctionsMultibyte String Functions25.3 Trigraph Sequences26 Miscellaneous Library Functions26.1 The Header: Variable ArgumentsCalling a Function with a Variable Argument ListThe ...vprintf Functions26.2 The Header: General UtilitiesString Conversion FunctionsPROGRAM: Testing the String Conversion FunctionsPseudo-Random Sequence Generation FunctionsPROGRAM: Testing the Pseudo-Random Sequence Generation FunctionsCommunication with the EnvironmentSearching and Sorting UtilitiesPROGRAM: Determining Air MileageInteger Arithmetic Functions26.3 The Header: Date and TimeTime Manipulation FunctionsTime Conversion FunctionsPROGRAM: Displaying the Date and Time