Benedicte Bull is Professor at the Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo and director of the Norwegian Network for Latin America Research. She holds a PhD in Political Science (2003) and has published widely on development theory, Latin American political economy and governance and international institutions.Fulvio Castellacci is Director at the TIK Centre, University of Oslo and Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). He holds a PhD in Innovation Studies from the University of Oslo (2004) and a PhD in Economics from the University of Rome La Sapienza (2005). His fields of interest are the economics of innovation, international and development economics. Yuri Kasahara was a Research Associate at SUM, University of Oslo during the work with this book, and is currently Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (NIBR). He holds a PhD in Political Science from the Instituto Universitario de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro (2009). His areas of interest are political economy, Latin American politics, and state-business relations.

• 1. Introduction: the Emergence and Evolution of Business Groups in Central America 2. Between Hierarchies and Networks: Understanding Business Group Strategies in a Global Capitalism 3. Regional Shifts and National Trajectories: Differences in the Context and Strategies of Business Groups 4. From Oligarchs to Transnational Business Group Leaders? The Shifting Strategies of Key Business Groups 5. Internationalization and the Export Performance of the Central American Business Groups 6. Central American Business Groups, Innovation and Institutional Conditions 7. The Role of the State: Governmental Financial Policies and Business Group Strategies 8. Between the Back and the Front Stage – the Political Strategies of Central American Business Groups 9. Conclusion References

Benedicte Bull is Professor at the Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo and director of the Norwegian Network for Latin America Research. She holds a PhD in Political Science (2003) and has published widely on development theory, Latin American political economy and governance and international institutions.Fulvio Castellacci is Director at the TIK Centre, University of Oslo and Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). He holds a PhD in Innovation Studies from the University of Oslo (2004) and a PhD in Economics from the University of Rome La Sapienza (2005). His fields of interest are the economics of innovation, international and development economics. Yuri Kasahara was a Research Associate at SUM, University of Oslo during the work with this book, and is currently Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (NIBR). He holds a PhD in Political Science from the Instituto Universitario de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro (2009). His areas of interest are political economy, Latin American politics, and state-business relations.

• 1. Introduction: the Emergence and Evolution of Business Groups in Central America 2. Between Hierarchies and Networks: Understanding Business Group Strategies in a Global Capitalism 3. Regional Shifts and National Trajectories: Differences in the Context and Strategies of Business Groups 4. From Oligarchs to Transnational Business Group Leaders? The Shifting Strategies of Key Business Groups 5. Internationalization and the Export Performance of the Central American Business Groups 6. Central American Business Groups, Innovation and Institutional Conditions 7. The Role of the State: Governmental Financial Policies and Business Group Strategies 8. Between the Back and the Front Stage – the Political Strategies of Central American Business Groups 9. Conclusion References

Benedicte Bull is Professor at the Centre for Development and the Environment (SUM), University of Oslo and director of the Norwegian Network for Latin America Research. She holds a PhD in Political Science (2003) and has published widely on development theory, Latin American political economy and governance and international institutions.Fulvio Castellacci is Director at the TIK Centre, University of Oslo and Research Professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). He holds a PhD in Innovation Studies from the University of Oslo (2004) and a PhD in Economics from the University of Rome La Sapienza (2005). His fields of interest are the economics of innovation, international and development economics. Yuri Kasahara was a Research Associate at SUM, University of Oslo during the work with this book, and is currently Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research (NIBR). He holds a PhD in Political Science from the Instituto Universitario de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro (2009). His areas of interest are political economy, Latin American politics, and state-business relations.

• 1. Introduction: the Emergence and Evolution of Business Groups in Central America 2. Between Hierarchies and Networks: Understanding Business Group Strategies in a Global Capitalism 3. Regional Shifts and National Trajectories: Differences in the Context and Strategies of Business Groups 4. From Oligarchs to Transnational Business Group Leaders? The Shifting Strategies of Key Business Groups 5. Internationalization and the Export Performance of the Central American Business Groups 6. Central American Business Groups, Innovation and Institutional Conditions 7. The Role of the State: Governmental Financial Policies and Business Group Strategies 8. Between the Back and the Front Stage – the Political Strategies of Central American Business Groups 9. Conclusion References