Broadband Wireless Multimedia Networks

BENNY BING is a research faculty member at Georgia Institute of Technology. He has published eleven books and over eighty technical papers and had his first book on Wireless LANs adopted by Cisco Systems. Bing has served as an editor for the IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine (2003-2012), as the IEEE Communications Society Distinguished Lecturer, and as a Wi-Fi expert witness. He also led a research team that received the 2010 NAB Technology Innovation award.

• Preface xiiiChapter 1 Overview of Broadband Wireless Networks 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Radio Spectrum 41.2.1 Unlicensed Frequency Bands 41.2.2 The 2.4 GHz Unlicensed Band 51.2.3 The 5 GHz Unlicensed Band 61.2.4 The 60 GHz Unlicensed Band 81.2.5 Licensed Frequency Bands 81.3 Signal Coverage 101.3.1 Propagation Mechanisms 111.3.2 Multipath 111.3.3 Delay Spread and Time Dispersion 131.3.4 Coherence Bandwidth 141.3.5 Doppler Spread 151.3.6 Shadow Fading 151.3.7 Radio Propagation Modeling 161.3.8 Channel Characteristics 181.3.9 Gaussian Channel 181.3.10 Rayleigh Channel 181.3.11 Rician Channel 191.4 Modulation 201.4.1 Linear versus Constant Envelope 201.4.2 Coherent versus Noncoherent Detection 211.4.3 Bit Error Performance 221.5 Multipath Mitigation Methods 221.5.1 Equalization 221.5.2 Multicarrier Transmission 241.5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 251.5.4 Wideband Systems 281.5.5 Error Control 311.6 Multiple Antenna Systems 321.6.1 Receive Diversity versus Transmit Diversity 331.6.2 Switched Antenna Receive Diversity 331.6.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems 341.6.4 Spatial Multiplexing 361.6.5 Space–Time Coding 381.6.6 Alamouti Space–Time Coding 381.6.7 Beamforming MIMO Antenna Arrays 401.6.8 Downlink MIMO Architectures 411.6.9 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop MIMO 421.6.10 Single-User and Multiuser MIMO 431.7 Interference 451.7.1 Spatial Frequency Reuse 451.7.2 Cochannel Interference 471.7.3 Multiuser Interference 481.8 Mobility and Handoff 491.8.1 Intercell versus Intracell Handoff 491.8.2 Mobile-Initiated versus Network-Initiated Handoff 491.8.3 Forward versus Backward Handoff 501.9 Channel Assignment Strategies 501.9.1 Medium Access Control Protocols 511.9.2 Signal Duplexing Techniques 521.9.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 541.10 Performance Evaluation of Wireless Networks 561.10.1 Impact of Link Adaptation 581.10.2 Impact of Higher Layers 581.10.3 Impact of Number of Antennas 601.10.4 Impact of Centralized Control 611.11 Outdoor Deployment Considerations 611.11.1 Fixed Access Path Loss Model 621.11.2 Mobile Access Path Loss Models 631.11.3 Single Carrier and Multicarrier OFDM Comparison 641.11.4 Impact of Modulation and Operating Frequency 64References 65Homework Problems 66Chapter 2 IEEE 802.11 Standard 802.1 802.11 Deployments and Applications 802.2 802.11 Today 822.3 IEEE 802.11 Standard 832.4 IEEE 802.11 Network Architecture 862.4.1 Joining a BSS 882.4.2 Association Procedures 882.4.3 Disassociation and Reassociation 882.5 IEEE 802.11 Basic Reference Model 892.5.1 OFDM PHY 902.5.2 OFDM PLCP Frame Format 922.5.3 Medium Access Control 922.5.4 Interframe Space Definitions 932.5.5 Distributed Coordination Function 952.5.6 Virtual Sensing 972.5.7 Point Coordination Function 1012.5.8 Hybrid Coordination Function 1022.5.9 Synchronization 1032.5.10 Transmit Opportunity Scheduling 1032.5.11 Traffic Specification Construction 1042.5.12 Radio Resource Measurement 1062.5.13 Station Power Management 1072.6 IEEE 802.11 Security 1082.6.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy 1092.6.2 Robust Security Network Association 1112.6.3 Mutual Authentication and Key Management 1122.6.4 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 1142.6.5 Counter-Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol 1142.6.6 Protection of Management Frames 1152.7 IEEE 802.11n Amendment 1152.7.1 Data Rates and Dual Band Operation 1162.7.2 Error Control 1172.7.3 High-Throughput Station 1172.7.4 Mixed Mode Preamble 1202.7.5 Greenfield Preamble 1202.7.6 Transceiver Design 1212.7.7 Antenna Selection 1222.7.8 Subcarrier Mapping 1222.7.9 Space–Time Block Coding 1222.7.10 Antenna Beamforming 1232.7.11 MIMO Control Field 1242.7.12 HT Capabilities Element 1242.7.13 MAC Enhancements 1252.7.14 MPDU Header 1252.7.15 Frame Types and MAC Addresses 1262.7.16 Block Acknowledgment 1282.7.17 Virtual Sensing 1302.7.18 Use of 40 MHz Channels 1312.8 New IEEE 802.11 Multigigabit Task Groups 1312.9 IEEE 802.11ac Amendment 1322.9.1 Multiuser MIMO 1322.9.2 Use of 256-QAM 1332.9.3 Available Bandwidth 1342.9.4 Modulation and Coding Schemes 1342.9.5 Interoperability 1352.10 IEEE 802.11ad Amendment 1352.10.1 PHY Specifications 1402.10.2 MAC Specifications 1412.10.3 Beamforming Protocol 1432.10.4 60 GHz Implementation 143References 145Homework Problems 145Chapter 3 IEEE 802.16 Standard 1623.1 Overview of IEEE 802.16 1623.2 Basic IEEE 802.16 Operation 1643.2.1 Reference Model 1643.2.2 Frequency Bands 1673.3 IEEE 802.16-2004 Standard 1673.3.1 Frame Format 1683.3.2 Multiple Antenna Transmission 1703.3.3 Adaptive Antenna System 1713.4 IEEE 802.16e Amendment 1723.4.1 Subcarrier Allocation 1723.4.2 Control Mechanisms 1733.4.3 Closed-Loop Power Control 1733.4.4 OFDM/OFDMA Implementation 1743.4.5 Transmit Diversity 1743.5 IEEE 802.16 Medium Access Control 1753.5.1 Duplexing 1753.5.2 Uplink Transmission 1753.5.3 Downlink Transmission 1763.5.4 Polling Mechanisms 1763.5.5 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 1763.5.6 Bandwidth Allocation 1773.5.7 Service Flows 1773.5.8 Unsolicited Grant Service 1783.5.9 Real-Time Polling Service 1783.5.10 Non–Real-Time Polling Service 1783.5.11 Extended Real-Time Variable Rate Service 1793.5.12 Multicast Support 1793.5.13 Mobility Support 1793.5.14 Power Conservation 1803.6 IEEE 802.16m Amendment 1803.6.1 UL/DL Adaptive Modulation and Coding Schemes 1813.6.2 DL MIMO Enhancement 1823.6.3 UL MIMO Enhancement 1833.6.4 Frame Format 1833.6.5 Advanced Preambles 1843.6.6 Resource Blocks 1843.6.7 Pilot Subcarriers 1843.6.8 MAC Layer 1853.6.9 Enhanced Services 1863.6.10 Summary of 802.16m Features and Performance 1863.7 WiMAX Forum 1873.8 Wireless Access Using WiMAX 1883.8.1 WiMAX Deployment 1883.8.2 WiMAX/Wi-Fi Router 190References 190Homework Problems 190Chapter 4 Long Term Evolution 1934.1 High Speed Packet Access 1934.2 Long Term Evolution 1944.2.1 Evolved Packet Core 1954.2.2 Frequency Bands 1974.2.3 Physical Layer 1974.2.4 UL Subcarrier Allocation 1994.2.5 MIMO Modes 1994.2.6 Frame Format 2004.2.7 Physical Resource Blocks 2014.2.8 Packetization Framework 2024.2.9 Channel Functions and Mapping 2044.2.10 Power Saving Modes 2094.2.11 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 2094.3 LTE-Advanced 2104.3.1 Carrier Aggregation 2104.3.2 HetNet Topology 2114.3.3 MIMO Modes 2134.3.4 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/Reception 2134.4 Femtocells 2134.4.1 Deployment 2144.4.2 Interference Management 2144.4.3 Traffic Offload Using Femto HNBs 2144.5 Antenna Design Challenges for 4G Smartphones 2154.5.1 Physical Considerations 2154.5.1.1 Antenna Size 2154.5.1.2 Mutual Coupling between Multiple Antennas 2164.5.1.3 Correlation Coefficient 2174.5.1.4 Device Usage Models 2214.5.2 Current Handset Antenna Configurations and Challenges 2224.5.3 Antenna Implementation 2234.5.4 Conclusion 225References 225Homework Problems 226Chapter 5 ATSC Digital TV and IEEE 802.22 Standards 2305.1 Digital TV Frequency Channels 2305.2 Digital TV Standards 2315.2.1 Overview of Advanced Television Systems Committee 2325.2.2 ATSC DTV Standard 2325.2.3 Digital Video Broadcast-Terrestrial 2 2325.3 Mobile TV 2335.3.1 Mobile ATSC Standard 2335.3.2 Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld 2355.3.3 Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 2355.3.4 Comparison of TV Standards 2365.4 The IEEE 802.22 Standard 2365.4.1 Physical Layer Overview 2385.4.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding 2385.4.3 Preambles 2395.4.4 Bandwidth Resource Allocation 2405.4.5 Spectral Awareness 2405.4.6 Spectrum Sensing Function 2405.4.7 Medium Access Control Overview 2415.4.8 MAC Frame Format 2425.4.9 Coexistence Beacon Protocol 2425.4.10 Security 2445.4.11 IEEE 802.22.1 2445.5 Whitespace Alliance 245References 245Homework Problems 246Chapter 6 Mesh, Relay, and Interworking Networks 2496.1 Introduction 2496.1.1 Mesh Radio Transceivers and Channels 2506.1.2 Advantages of Mesh Networks 2536.1.3 Packet Routing 2536.1.4 Public Mesh Networks 2546.2 802.11 Mesh Networks 2546.2.1 802.11s Amendment 2546.2.2 Mesh Discovery 2556.3 Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol 2576.3.1 Frame Forwarding Function 2586.3.2 Mesh Deterministic Access 2596.3.3 Mesh Link Security 2606.3.4 Secure Peer Link Establishment 2616.3.5 Airtime Metric 2616.3.6 Mesh Power Management 2626.3.7 Layer 2 Congestion Control 2626.3.8 Mesh Coordination Function 2636.3.9 Mesh Channel Switching 2636.4 802.16 Relay Networks 2646.4.1 PHY and MAC Layer Extensions 2646.4.2 Scheduling Modes 2646.4.3 Relay Modes 2656.4.4 Cooperative Relays 2656.5 802.11 Interworking with External Networks 266References 267Homework Problems 268Chapter 7 Wireless Video Streaming2777.1 High-Definition and 3D Videos 2777.2 Video Compression 2787.2.1 MPEG Standard 2797.2.2 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Standard 2807.2.3 Constant Bit Rate and Variable Bit Rate Videos 2807.3 Video Streaming Interfaces and Standards 2817.3.1 Robust Multicast 2817.3.2 Prioritization 2817.3.3 Overlapping BSS Management 2827.3.4 Interworking with 802.1AVB 2827.3.5 Higher Layer Factors 2827.3.6 Digital Living Network Alliance 2837.4 Adaptive Video Streaming 2837.4.1 Video Quality and Chunk Efficiency 2857.4.2 Video Quality for Different VBR Chunk Durations 2877.4.3 Chunk Rate versus Chunk Duration 2887.4.4 Chunk Efficiency versus Chunk Duration 2907.4.5 Instantaneous and Average Rates for Different Chunk Durations 2917.4.6 Wireless Live Streaming 2917.4.7 Wireless Smooth Streaming 2947.4.8 802.16 Smooth Streaming 2947.4.9 802.11 Smooth Streaming 2967.5 3D Video Transmission 2987.5.1 View Multiplexing 2987.5.2 H.264 Multiview Coding Extension 3007.5.3 MVC Inter-View Prediction 3007.5.4 MVC Inter-View Reordering 3027.5.5 MVC Profiles 3027.5.6 Comparing MVC with H.264 Video Coding 3027.5.7 Correlation between Left and Right Views in S3D Videos 3037.5.8 View Expansion via Pixel Interpolation 3057.5.9 Pixel Interpolation Results 3067.5.10 Inter-View versus Intraview Pixel Concealment 3077.5.11 Interframe versus Intraview Pixel Interpolation 3087.5.12 Impact of Quantization on Interpolated S3D Videos 3087.5.13 Anaglyph 3D Generation 3107.5.14 H.264 Coding Efficiency for Anaglyph Videos 3117.5.15 Delta Analysis 3117.5.16 Disparity Vector Generation 3137.6 Media-Activated Wireless Communications 3157.6.1 Leanback TV Navigation Using Hand Gestures 3157.6.2 Multiuser and Multiscreen Media Sharing Using 802.11 315References 317Homework Problems 317Chapter 8 Green Communications in Wireless Home Area Networks 327Contributed By Bob Heile8.1 ZigBee Overview 3278.2 Smart Grid Challenges 3298.3 Home Area Networks 3308.3.1 Time of Use 3328.3.2 Electric Vehicles 3338.4 Future Challenges 334Homework Problem 334Glossary 335Index 347