Bottom Soils, Sediment, and Pond Aquaculture

• 1. Soils in Pond Aquaculture.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Pond Soils.- 1.3 Critical Soil Properties.- 1.4 Reactions and Processes.- 1.5 Soils and Aquacultural Production.- 1.6 Pond Soil Management.- 1.7 Pond Soil Analysis.- 1.8 Prospectus.- 2. Physical, Chemical, and Mineralogical Properties of Soils.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Soil.- 2.3 Particle Size in Soils.- 2.4 Organic Matter.- 2.5 Soil Density and Pore Space.- 2.6 Soil Water.- 2.7 Gases.- 2.8 Soil Colloids.- 2.9 Color.- 2.10 Ion Exchange.- 2.11 Acidity.- 2.12 Soil pH.- 2.13 Soil Classification.- 2.14 Soil Maps.- 2.15 Pond Soils.- 3. Soil Nutrients.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Soil Solution.- 3.3 Chemical Equilibrium.- 3.4 Macronutrient Cations.- 3.5 Bicarbonate and Carbonate.- 3.6 Nitrogen.- 3.7 Sulfur.- 3.8 Phosphorus.- 3.9 Silicon.- 3.10 Micronutrient Cations.- 3.11 Micronutrient Anions.- 3.12 Nutrient Concentrations in Pond Soils.- 4. Exchange of Dissolved Substances between Soil and Water.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Exchange Between Soil Particles and Water.- 4.3 Transport of Dissolved Substances.- 4.4 Examples of Exchange Phenomena in Ponds.- 5. Soil Organic Matter and Aerobic Respiration.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Microbial Physiology.- 5.3 Biochemical Compounds.- 5.4 Soil Organic Matter.- 5.5 Soil Respiration.- 5.6 Organic Matter Concentrations.- 6. Soil Organic Matter, Anaerobic Respiration, and Oxidation—Reduction.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Oxidation—Reduction Reactions.- 6.3 Oxidation—Reduction Potential.- 6.4 Anaerobic Respiration.- 6.5 Reduced Soils.- 7. Sediment.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Sources of Sediment.- 7.3 Principles of Sedimentation.- 7.4 Sediment Control.- 8. Relationships to Aquatic Animal Production.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Flora and Fauna.- 8.3 Soil Condition and Fish Production.- 8.4 Effects ofAquatic Animals on the Soil.- 9. Pond Bottom Management.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Liming.- 9.3 Bottom Soil Sterilization.- 9.4 Oxidation of Bottom Soil.- 9.5 Sediment.- 9.6 Summary.- 10. Pond Bottom Soil Analyses.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Soil Samples.- 10.3 Soil Moisture: Gravimetric Analysis of Water Content.- 10.4 Particle Size and Texture: Hydrometer Method.- 10.5 Bulk Density, Particle Density, and Porosity.- 10.6 Organic Matter.- 10.7 Soil Respiration.- 10.8 Soil pH and Lime Requirement.- 10.9 Nutrients.

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