Matthew A. M. Thomas is Senior Lecturer in International and Comparative Education at the University of Glasgow, UK.tavis d. jules is Professor of Higher Education at Loyola University Chicago, USA.Michele Schweisfurth is Professor of Comparative and International Education at the University of Glasgow, UK.Robin Shields is Head of School and Professor of Education at the University of Queensland, Australia.

• Method Matters: An Introduction to Method in Comparative and International Education, Matthew A.M. Thomas and Michele Schweisfurth (University of Glasgow)Part I: Core Concepts1. Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology in CIE, Leon Tikly (University of Bristol, UK)2. Reflexivity, Positionality, and Research Ethics: Disrupting Colonial Legacies in CIE, Payal Shah (University of South Carolina, USA)3. Considering ‘Context’ in CIE, Rhona Brown (University of Glasgow, UK) and Michele Schweisfurth (University of Glasgow, UK)4. Units and Scales as Methodological Entry Points: A Pedagogical Dialogue for CIE, Susan L. Robertson (University of Cambridge, UK) and Jee Rubin (University of Cambridge, UK)5. Decolonizing Research in CIE: Promises and Perils, tavis d. jules (Loyola University Chicago, USA) and Aizuddin Mohamed Anuar (Keele University, UK)Part II: Methodology6. Qualitative Research in CIE, Michael Crossley (University of Bristol, UK)7. Quantitative Research in CIE, Stephanie Zuilkowski (Florida State University, USA) and Jeongmin Lee, (University of Notre Dame, USA)8. Mixed Methods Research in CIE, Nozomi Sakata (Hiroshima University, Japan) and Joan DeJaeghere (University of Minnesota, USA)Part III: Approaches9. Ethnography in CIE, Kathryn Anderson-Levitt (University of Michigan-Dearborn, USA)10. Narrative Inquiry in CIE: Making Meaning from Story, Sheila Trahar (University of Bristol, UK) and Yu Wai Ming (The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)11. Autoethnography and Duoethnography in CIE, Nigel O.M. Brissett (Clark University, USA)12. Qualitative Comparative Analysis in CIE: Bridging the Divide, Oliver Gill (University College London, UK) and Jan Germen Janmaat, (University College London, UK)13. Revising Case Studies in CIE: Mobilities of Policy, People, and Power, Jihae Cha (George Washington University, USA), Laura Engel (George Washington University, USA), and InJung Cho (George Washington University, USA)14. Comparative Case Studies in CIE, Lesley Bartlett (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA) and Frances Vavrus (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA)15. Participatory Action Research in CIE, Anna Robinson-Pant (University of East Anglia, UK) and Catherine Jere (University of East Anglia, UK)16. Comparative Indigenous Education Research: Indigenous Communities, Knowledges, and Mana across Lands and Waters, Elizabeth Sumida Huaman(Wanka/Quechua) and Peter Mataira (Maori—Ngati Porou/Ngati Kahungunu)17. Beyond the Human in CIE: Exploring More-than-human Relations, Esther Pretti (Arizona State University, USA), Carrie Karsgaard (Cape Breton University), and Iveta Silova (Arizona State University, USA)18. Arts-Based Approaches in CIE: Towards Sense- and Meaning-Making in the ‘Borderlands’, Lisa Bradley (University of Glasgow, UK) and Mia Perry (University of Glasgow, UK)19. Textual Analysis in CIE: Varied Methods and Possibilities, Hannah K. D’Apice (Stanford University) tavis d. jules, (Loyola University Chicago, USA)20. Social Network Analysis in CIE: Connecting the Dots, Bea Treena Macasaet (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg) and Marcelo Marques (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)21. Process Tracing in CIE: Main Premises and Possibilities, Antoni Verger (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain), Andreu Termes (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain), Clara Fontdevila (University of Glasgow, UK)22. Systematic Literature Reviews in CIE: Origins, Approaches, and Uses, Clara Fontdevila (University of Glasgow, UK)23. Causal Inference in Comparative and International Education, Emma Gorman (University of Westminster, UK) and Kalyan Kumar Kameshwara (University of Nottingham, UK)24. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Approaches in CIE, Miriam Broeks, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie, Ricardo Sabates, and Pauline Rose (University of Cambridge, UK)25. Program Evaluation in CIE: Methodologies and Methods to Measure Change, Emily Morris (TheBrookings Institution, American University, USA) and Gaëlle Simon (Management Systems Worldwide)Part IV: Methods and Analysis26. Survey Questionnaires in CIE, Artemio Arturo Cortez Ochoa (University of Bristol, UK) and Robin Shields (University of Queensland, Australia)27. Interviews and Focus Groups in CIE: More than Merely Talking, Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow, UK) and Laura Engel (George Washington University, USA) and Leo Ren-hao Xu (University of Western Australia, Australia)28. Observations in CIE: From Highly Structured to Ethnographic Approaches, Jennifer Maria Luoto (University of Oslo, Norway), Diana Rodríguez-Gómez (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA), and Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow, UK)29. International Large-Scale Assessments (ILSAs): A Symbiotic Relationship with Comparative and International Education, Andres Sandoval Hernandez (University of Bath, UK)30. Secondary Data Analysis in CIE: Excavating New Answers from Others’ Data, Elizabeth Buckner (University of Toronto, Canada)31. Social Media Research in CIE: A View into the Social World of Education, Carrie Karsgaard (Cape Breton University) and Lynette Shultz (University of Alberta)32. Historical Approaches and Methods in CIE: Is the Past a Foreign Country?, Elisabeth E. Lefebvre (Bethel University, USA) and Yeow-Tong Chia, (University of Sydney, Australia)33. Bibliometric Research in CIE: Discovering and Uncovering Trends in the Literature, Robyn Read (Mastercard Foundation) and Chizoba Imoka (Mastercard Foundation)34. Critical and Multimodal Discourse Analysis in CIE: Methodological Considerations, Tessa DeLaquil, (Aarhus University, Denmark) and Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow, UK)35. Poststructural Analysis in CIE: Discourse, Knowledge, and the Conditions of Possibility, Sarah Langham, Tanjin Ashraf, and Jessica Holloway (Australia Catholic University, Australia)36. Regression Analysis and Multilevel Modeling in CIE, Melissa Whatley (School for International Training, USA) and Shinji Katsumoto (University of Iowa) 37. Structural Equation Modeling in CIE, Samantha Curle (University of Bath, UK)Conclusion: Musings on Method in CIE, Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow) and tavis d. jules (Loyola University Chicago)Index

This book embodies an impressive array of methods that should appeal especially to the needs of new scholars about to embark on research in comparative education. Chapter authors are recognized specialists in the field.

Matthew A. M. Thomas is Senior Lecturer in International and Comparative Education at the University of Glasgow, UK.tavis d. jules is Professor of Higher Education at Loyola University Chicago, USA.Michele Schweisfurth is Professor of Comparative and International Education at the University of Glasgow, UK.Robin Shields is Head of School and Professor of Education at the University of Queensland, Australia.

• Method Matters: An Introduction to Method in Comparative and International Education, Matthew A.M. Thomas and Michele Schweisfurth (University of Glasgow)Part I: Core Concepts1. Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology in CIE, Leon Tikly (University of Bristol, UK)2. Reflexivity, Positionality, and Research Ethics: Disrupting Colonial Legacies in CIE, Payal Shah (University of South Carolina, USA)3. Considering ‘Context’ in CIE, Rhona Brown (University of Glasgow, UK) and Michele Schweisfurth (University of Glasgow, UK)4. Units and Scales as Methodological Entry Points: A Pedagogical Dialogue for CIE, Susan L. Robertson (University of Cambridge, UK) and Jee Rubin (University of Cambridge, UK)5. Decolonizing Research in CIE: Promises and Perils, tavis d. jules (Loyola University Chicago, USA) and Aizuddin Mohamed Anuar (Keele University, UK)Part II: Methodology6. Qualitative Research in CIE, Michael Crossley (University of Bristol, UK)7. Quantitative Research in CIE, Stephanie Zuilkowski (Florida State University, USA) and Jeongmin Lee, (University of Notre Dame, USA)8. Mixed Methods Research in CIE, Nozomi Sakata (Hiroshima University, Japan) and Joan DeJaeghere (University of Minnesota, USA)Part III: Approaches9. Ethnography in CIE, Kathryn Anderson-Levitt (University of Michigan-Dearborn, USA)10. Narrative Inquiry in CIE: Making Meaning from Story, Sheila Trahar (University of Bristol, UK) and Yu Wai Ming (The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)11. Autoethnography and Duoethnography in CIE, Nigel O.M. Brissett (Clark University, USA)12. Qualitative Comparative Analysis in CIE: Bridging the Divide, Oliver Gill (University College London, UK) and Jan Germen Janmaat, (University College London, UK)13. Revising Case Studies in CIE: Mobilities of Policy, People, and Power, Jihae Cha (George Washington University, USA), Laura Engel (George Washington University, USA), and InJung Cho (George Washington University, USA)14. Comparative Case Studies in CIE, Lesley Bartlett (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA) and Frances Vavrus (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA)15. Participatory Action Research in CIE, Anna Robinson-Pant (University of East Anglia, UK) and Catherine Jere (University of East Anglia, UK)16. Comparative Indigenous Education Research: Indigenous Communities, Knowledges, and Mana across Lands and Waters, Elizabeth Sumida Huaman(Wanka/Quechua) and Peter Mataira (Maori—Ngati Porou/Ngati Kahungunu)17. Beyond the Human in CIE: Exploring More-than-human Relations, Esther Pretti (Arizona State University, USA), Carrie Karsgaard (Cape Breton University), and Iveta Silova (Arizona State University, USA)18. Arts-Based Approaches in CIE: Towards Sense- and Meaning-Making in the ‘Borderlands’, Lisa Bradley (University of Glasgow, UK) and Mia Perry (University of Glasgow, UK)19. Textual Analysis in CIE: Varied Methods and Possibilities, Hannah K. D’Apice (Stanford University) tavis d. jules, (Loyola University Chicago, USA)20. Social Network Analysis in CIE: Connecting the Dots, Bea Treena Macasaet (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg) and Marcelo Marques (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)21. Process Tracing in CIE: Main Premises and Possibilities, Antoni Verger (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain), Andreu Termes (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain), Clara Fontdevila (University of Glasgow, UK)22. Systematic Literature Reviews in CIE: Origins, Approaches, and Uses, Clara Fontdevila (University of Glasgow, UK)23. Causal Inference in Comparative and International Education, Emma Gorman (University of Westminster, UK) and Kalyan Kumar Kameshwara (University of Nottingham, UK)24. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Approaches in CIE, Miriam Broeks, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie, Ricardo Sabates, and Pauline Rose (University of Cambridge, UK)25. Program Evaluation in CIE: Methodologies and Methods to Measure Change, Emily Morris (TheBrookings Institution, American University, USA) and Gaëlle Simon (Management Systems Worldwide)Part IV: Methods and Analysis26. Survey Questionnaires in CIE, Artemio Arturo Cortez Ochoa (University of Bristol, UK) and Robin Shields (University of Queensland, Australia)27. Interviews and Focus Groups in CIE: More than Merely Talking, Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow, UK) and Laura Engel (George Washington University, USA) and Leo Ren-hao Xu (University of Western Australia, Australia)28. Observations in CIE: From Highly Structured to Ethnographic Approaches, Jennifer Maria Luoto (University of Oslo, Norway), Diana Rodríguez-Gómez (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA), and Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow, UK)29. International Large-Scale Assessments (ILSAs): A Symbiotic Relationship with Comparative and International Education, Andres Sandoval Hernandez (University of Bath, UK)30. Secondary Data Analysis in CIE: Excavating New Answers from Others’ Data, Elizabeth Buckner (University of Toronto, Canada)31. Social Media Research in CIE: A View into the Social World of Education, Carrie Karsgaard (Cape Breton University) and Lynette Shultz (University of Alberta)32. Historical Approaches and Methods in CIE: Is the Past a Foreign Country?, Elisabeth E. Lefebvre (Bethel University, USA) and Yeow-Tong Chia, (University of Sydney, Australia)33. Bibliometric Research in CIE: Discovering and Uncovering Trends in the Literature, Robyn Read (Mastercard Foundation) and Chizoba Imoka (Mastercard Foundation)34. Critical and Multimodal Discourse Analysis in CIE: Methodological Considerations, Tessa DeLaquil, (Aarhus University, Denmark) and Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow, UK)35. Poststructural Analysis in CIE: Discourse, Knowledge, and the Conditions of Possibility, Sarah Langham, Tanjin Ashraf, and Jessica Holloway (Australia Catholic University, Australia)36. Regression Analysis and Multilevel Modeling in CIE, Melissa Whatley (School for International Training, USA) and Shinji Katsumoto (University of Iowa) 37. Structural Equation Modeling in CIE, Samantha Curle (University of Bath, UK)Conclusion: Musings on Method in CIE, Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow) and tavis d. jules (Loyola University Chicago)Index

This book embodies an impressive array of methods that should appeal especially to the needs of new scholars about to embark on research in comparative education. Chapter authors are recognized specialists in the field.

Matthew A. M. Thomas is Senior Lecturer in International and Comparative Education at the University of Glasgow, UK.tavis d. jules is Professor of Higher Education at Loyola University Chicago, USA.Michele Schweisfurth is Professor of Comparative and International Education at the University of Glasgow, UK.Robin Shields is Head of School and Professor of Education at the University of Queensland, Australia.

• Method Matters: An Introduction to Method in Comparative and International Education, Matthew A.M. Thomas and Michele Schweisfurth (University of Glasgow)Part I: Core Concepts1. Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology in CIE, Leon Tikly (University of Bristol, UK)2. Reflexivity, Positionality, and Research Ethics: Disrupting Colonial Legacies in CIE, Payal Shah (University of South Carolina, USA)3. Considering ‘Context’ in CIE, Rhona Brown (University of Glasgow, UK) and Michele Schweisfurth (University of Glasgow, UK)4. Units and Scales as Methodological Entry Points: A Pedagogical Dialogue for CIE, Susan L. Robertson (University of Cambridge, UK) and Jee Rubin (University of Cambridge, UK)5. Decolonizing Research in CIE: Promises and Perils, tavis d. jules (Loyola University Chicago, USA) and Aizuddin Mohamed Anuar (Keele University, UK)Part II: Methodology6. Qualitative Research in CIE, Michael Crossley (University of Bristol, UK)7. Quantitative Research in CIE, Stephanie Zuilkowski (Florida State University, USA) and Jeongmin Lee, (University of Notre Dame, USA)8. Mixed Methods Research in CIE, Nozomi Sakata (Hiroshima University, Japan) and Joan DeJaeghere (University of Minnesota, USA)Part III: Approaches9. Ethnography in CIE, Kathryn Anderson-Levitt (University of Michigan-Dearborn, USA)10. Narrative Inquiry in CIE: Making Meaning from Story, Sheila Trahar (University of Bristol, UK) and Yu Wai Ming (The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong)11. Autoethnography and Duoethnography in CIE, Nigel O.M. Brissett (Clark University, USA)12. Qualitative Comparative Analysis in CIE: Bridging the Divide, Oliver Gill (University College London, UK) and Jan Germen Janmaat, (University College London, UK)13. Revising Case Studies in CIE: Mobilities of Policy, People, and Power, Jihae Cha (George Washington University, USA), Laura Engel (George Washington University, USA), and InJung Cho (George Washington University, USA)14. Comparative Case Studies in CIE, Lesley Bartlett (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA) and Frances Vavrus (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA)15. Participatory Action Research in CIE, Anna Robinson-Pant (University of East Anglia, UK) and Catherine Jere (University of East Anglia, UK)16. Comparative Indigenous Education Research: Indigenous Communities, Knowledges, and Mana across Lands and Waters, Elizabeth Sumida Huaman(Wanka/Quechua) and Peter Mataira (Maori—Ngati Porou/Ngati Kahungunu)17. Beyond the Human in CIE: Exploring More-than-human Relations, Esther Pretti (Arizona State University, USA), Carrie Karsgaard (Cape Breton University), and Iveta Silova (Arizona State University, USA)18. Arts-Based Approaches in CIE: Towards Sense- and Meaning-Making in the ‘Borderlands’, Lisa Bradley (University of Glasgow, UK) and Mia Perry (University of Glasgow, UK)19. Textual Analysis in CIE: Varied Methods and Possibilities, Hannah K. D’Apice (Stanford University) tavis d. jules, (Loyola University Chicago, USA)20. Social Network Analysis in CIE: Connecting the Dots, Bea Treena Macasaet (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg) and Marcelo Marques (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)21. Process Tracing in CIE: Main Premises and Possibilities, Antoni Verger (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain), Andreu Termes (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain), Clara Fontdevila (University of Glasgow, UK)22. Systematic Literature Reviews in CIE: Origins, Approaches, and Uses, Clara Fontdevila (University of Glasgow, UK)23. Causal Inference in Comparative and International Education, Emma Gorman (University of Westminster, UK) and Kalyan Kumar Kameshwara (University of Nottingham, UK)24. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Approaches in CIE, Miriam Broeks, Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie, Ricardo Sabates, and Pauline Rose (University of Cambridge, UK)25. Program Evaluation in CIE: Methodologies and Methods to Measure Change, Emily Morris (TheBrookings Institution, American University, USA) and Gaëlle Simon (Management Systems Worldwide)Part IV: Methods and Analysis26. Survey Questionnaires in CIE, Artemio Arturo Cortez Ochoa (University of Bristol, UK) and Robin Shields (University of Queensland, Australia)27. Interviews and Focus Groups in CIE: More than Merely Talking, Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow, UK) and Laura Engel (George Washington University, USA) and Leo Ren-hao Xu (University of Western Australia, Australia)28. Observations in CIE: From Highly Structured to Ethnographic Approaches, Jennifer Maria Luoto (University of Oslo, Norway), Diana Rodríguez-Gómez (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA), and Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow, UK)29. International Large-Scale Assessments (ILSAs): A Symbiotic Relationship with Comparative and International Education, Andres Sandoval Hernandez (University of Bath, UK)30. Secondary Data Analysis in CIE: Excavating New Answers from Others’ Data, Elizabeth Buckner (University of Toronto, Canada)31. Social Media Research in CIE: A View into the Social World of Education, Carrie Karsgaard (Cape Breton University) and Lynette Shultz (University of Alberta)32. Historical Approaches and Methods in CIE: Is the Past a Foreign Country?, Elisabeth E. Lefebvre (Bethel University, USA) and Yeow-Tong Chia, (University of Sydney, Australia)33. Bibliometric Research in CIE: Discovering and Uncovering Trends in the Literature, Robyn Read (Mastercard Foundation) and Chizoba Imoka (Mastercard Foundation)34. Critical and Multimodal Discourse Analysis in CIE: Methodological Considerations, Tessa DeLaquil, (Aarhus University, Denmark) and Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow, UK)35. Poststructural Analysis in CIE: Discourse, Knowledge, and the Conditions of Possibility, Sarah Langham, Tanjin Ashraf, and Jessica Holloway (Australia Catholic University, Australia)36. Regression Analysis and Multilevel Modeling in CIE, Melissa Whatley (School for International Training, USA) and Shinji Katsumoto (University of Iowa) 37. Structural Equation Modeling in CIE, Samantha Curle (University of Bath, UK)Conclusion: Musings on Method in CIE, Matthew A.M. Thomas (University of Glasgow) and tavis d. jules (Loyola University Chicago)Index

This book embodies an impressive array of methods that should appeal especially to the needs of new scholars about to embark on research in comparative education. Chapter authors are recognized specialists in the field.