Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult

The editors Hugues Beaufrère, DVM, PhD, DACZM, DECZM(Avian), DABVP(Avian), is Associate Professor of Companion Zoological Medicine and Surgery in the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, at the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis in Davis, California, USA. Jennifer E. Graham, DVM, DACZM, DABVP (Avian, Exotic Companion Mammal), is the owner of Graham Veterinary Consulting, LLC in Madison, Alabama, USA.

• Contributors xviPreface xixAcknowledgements xxAbout the Companion Website xxiTopicsAdenoviruses 1Adrenal Gland Diseases 4Aggression see Problem Behaviors: Aggression, Biting and Screaming (374)Air Sac Mites 8Air Sac Rupture 10Airborne toxicosis see Toxicosis (Airborne) (434)Algal Biotoxins 13Amyloidosis 15Anemia 17Angel Wing 20Angular Limb Deformity (Splay Leg) 22Anorexia 24Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis see Toxicosis (Anticoagulant Rodenticides) (436)Arboviruses see Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses; Usutu Virus; (145)West Nile Virus (478)Arthritis see Joint Diseases (241)Ascites 27Aspergillosis 30Aspiration Pneumonia 33Atherosclerosis 36Atoxoplasmosis see Coccidiosis (Systemic) (104)Avian Influenza 40Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy 43Avocado poisoning see Toxins (Ingested, Gastrointestinal) (448)Avulaviruses see Othoavulaviruses (323)Baylisascaris see Neural Larva Migrans (300)Beak Injuries 45Beak Malocclusion (Lateral Beak Deformity) 48Beak Malocclusion (Mandibular Prognathism) 51Behavior see Problem Behaviors: Aggression, Biting and Screaming (374)Bite wounds see Wounds (Including Bite Wounds, Predator Attacks) (481)Bordetellosis 53Bornaviral Disease (Aquatic Birds) 56Bornaviral Disease (Psittaciformes) 58Botulism 62Brachial Plexus Injury 64Brain tumors see Neoplasia (Neurological) (305)Bumblefoot see Pododermatitis (358)Bursa of Fabricius Diseases 66Campylobacteriosis 70Candidiasis 72Capture Myopathy (Exertional Rhabdomyolysis) 74Cardiac disease see Congestive Heart Failure, Myocardial Diseases (114)Carbamate toxicity see Toxicosis (Environmental, Pesticides) (439)Central nervous system tumors see Neoplasia (Neurological) (290)Cere and Skin Color Changes 77Cervicocephalic diverticulum rupture see Air Sac Rupture (10)Chlamydiosis 79Cholera see Pasteurellosis (345)Chronic Egg Laying 82Circovirus (Psittacines) 85Circoviruses (Non- Psittacine Birds) 87Cloacal bursa diseases see Bursa of Fabricius Diseases (66)Cloacal Diseases 89Cloacal Prolapse 92Clostridiosis 95Coagulopathies and Coagulation 98Coccidiosis (Intestinal) 101Coccidiosis (Systemic) 104Coelomic Distension 107Colibacillosis 111Congestive Heart Failure 114Conjunctivitis see Ocular Lesions (313)Constricted toe see Toe and Nails (Diseases of) (426)Coxiellosis 116Crop Burn 118Crop stasis see Ileus (Functional Gastrointestinal, Crop Stasis) (233)Cryptococcosis 120Cryptosporidiosis 122Degenerative joint disease see Joint Diseases (241)Dehydration [see also Hypotension] 125Dermatitis 127Diabetes Insipidus 130Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperglycemia 132Diarrhea 134Discospondylitis 136Dyslipidemia/Hyperlipidemia 139Dyspnea see Respiratory Distress (386)Dystocia and Egg Binding 142Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses (EEV/WEEV) 145Ectoparasites (Mites) 148Ectoparasites (Ticks, Lice, Dipterans) 151Egg Abnormalities 154Egg binding see Dystocia and Egg Binding (142)Egg Yolk and Reproductive Coelomitis 158Electrocution 160Emaciation 162Embryonic death/hatching failure see Egg Abnormalities (154)Endoparasites see Helminthiasis; Coccidiosis; Neural Larva Migrans (300)Enteritis and Gastritis 165Enterococcal spondylitis see Discospondylitis (136)Exertional rhabdomyolysis see Capture Myopathy (74)Feather Cyst 168Feather- Damaging and Self- Injurious Behavior 170Feather Disorders 174Flagellate Enteritis [see also Trichomoniasis] 177Foreign Bodies (Gastrointestinal) 180Foreign Bodies (respiratory) see Tracheal Diseases (457)Fractures 183Frostbite see Hypothermia (231)Gastrointestinal foreign bodies see Foreign Bodies (Gastrointestinal) (180)Gastritis see Enteritis and Gastritis (165)Giardiasis see Flagellate Enteritis (177)Goiter see Thyroid Diseases (424)Gout see Renal Disease and Hyperuricemia (380)Head trauma see Neurologic Trauma (305)Heart failure see Congestive Heart Failure (114)Heat Stroke 186Heavy metal toxicity see Toxicosis (Heavy Metals) (443)Helminthiasis (Body Cavity and Cardiovascular) 188Helminthiasis (Gastrointestinal) 190Helminthiasis (Neurological) see Neural Larva Migrans (300)Helminthiasis (Respiratory) 193Hemochromatosis see Iron Storage Disease (239)Hemoparasites 196Hemorrhage 199Hepatic Lipidosis 203Hepatitis see Liver Disease (250)Hernia/Pseudohernia 206Herpesvirus (chicken) see Marek’s Disease; (261)Respiratory Infections of Backyard Chickens (389)Herpesvirus (Columbid Herpesvirus 1 in Pigeons and Raptors) 208Herpesvirus (Duck Viral Enteritis) 210Herpesvirus (Passerine Birds) 213Herpesvirus (Psittacid Herpesviruses) 215Histomoniasis 218Horner Syndrome 220Hypercholesterolemia see Dyslipidemia (139)Hyperglycemia see Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperglycemia (132)Hyperlipidemia see Dyslipidemia/Hyperlipidemia (139)Hyperparathyroidism see Metabolic Bone Disease (263)Hyperthermia see Heat Stroke (186)Hyperuricemia 222Hypocalcemia (and Hypomagnesemia) 225Hypotension and Hypovolemia 228Hypothermia 231Hypothyroidism see Thyroid Diseases (424)Hypovitaminosis A see Nutritional Imbalances (308)Ileus (Functional Gastrointestinal, Crop Stasis) 233Infectious bronchitis see Respiratory Infections of Backyard Chickens (389)Infectious laryngotracheitis see Respiratory Infections of Backyard Chickens (389)Infertility 236Ingested toxicosis see Toxicosis (Ingested) (448)Ingluvial hypomotility see Ileus (Functional Gastrointestinal, Crop Stasis) (233)Iron Storage Disease 239Joint Diseases 241Knemidocoptic mites see Ectoparasites (Mites) (148)Lameness 243Lead see Toxicosis (Heavy Metals) (443)Leukemia see Neoplasia (284)Leukocytosis 247Leukosis virus (avian) see Retroviruses in Galliformes (393)Lice see Ectoparasites (Ticks, Lice, Dipterans) (151)Lipoma see Neoplasia (Integument) (284) Liver Disease 250Lung Diseases [see also Pneumonia; Toxicosis (Airborne and Respiratory Distress)] 253Luxations 256Lymphosarcoma see Neoplasia (Lymphoproliferative) (286)Macrorhabdus Ornithogaster 259Malaria see Hemoparasites (196)Malnutrition see Emaciation (162)Mandibular prognathism see Beak Malocclusion (Mandibular Prognathism) (51)Marek’s Disease 261Metabolic Bone Disease 263Microsporidiosis/Encephalitozoon 266Mites see Ectoparasites (Mites) (148)Mycobacteriosis 268Mycoplasmosis 271Mycotoxicosis 274Myiasis 277Myocardial Diseases 279Nails (diseases of) see Toes and Nails (Diseases of) (426)Neoplasia (Gastrointestinal and Hepatic) 282Neoplasia (Integument) 284Neoplasia (Lymphoproliferative) 286Neoplasia (Neurologic) 290Neoplasia (Renal) 293Neoplasia (Reproductive) 295Neoplasia (Respiratory) 298Neural Larva Migrans 300Neurologic (Non- Traumatic Diseases) 302Neurologic (Trauma) 305Newcastle disease see Orthoavulaviruses (323)Nutritional Imbalances [see also Hypovitaminosis A] 308Obesity 311Ocular Lesions 313Oil Exposure 316Oral Plaques 320Organophosphate toxicity see Toxicosis (Environmental, Pesticides) (439)Orthoavulaviruses 323Osteomyelosclerosis see Polyostotic Hyperostosis (367)Otitis 327Ovarian Diseases 330Overgrown beak see Beak Malocclusion (48)Oviductal Diseases 334Pacheco’s disease see Herpesviruses (Psittacids) (215)Pain 337Pancreatic Diseases 340Papillomatosis (Cutaneous) 343Papillomatosis, internal see Herpesvirus (208)Paramyxoviruses see Orthoavulaviruses (323)Parasites (external) see Ectoparasites (148)Parasites (internal) see Helminthiasis; Coccidiosis; Neural Larva Migrans (300)Pasteurellosis 345Patagium Diseases 347Perosis/Slipped Tendon 349Phallus Prolapse 351Pituitary tumors see Neoplasia (Neurological) (290)Plant toxins see Toxicosis (Ingested, Gastrointestinal) (448)Pneumonia 354Pododermatitis 358Polydipsia 362Polyfolliculitis see Dermatitis (127)Polyomavirus 365Polyostotic Hyperostosis 367Polyuria 369Poxvirus 371Predator attack see Wounds (Including Bite Wounds, Predator Attacks) (481)Problem Behaviors: Aggression, Biting and Screaming 374Prolapses (see Cloacal Prolapse) (92)Proventricular Dilatation Disease (see Bornaviral Diseases) (56)Proventricular diseases (see Enteritis and Gastritis) (165)Psittacine beak and feather disease (see Circoviruses) (85)PTFE toxicosis see Toxicosis (Environmental/Pesticides) (439)Regurgitation and Vomiting 378Renal Diseases 380Reovirus 384Respiratory Distress 386Respiratory foreign bodies see Tracheal Diseases (457)Respiratory Infections of Backyard Chickens [see also Mycoplasmosis] 389Retroviruses in Galliformes 393Rhinitis and Sinusitis 395Rotavirus 398Salmonellosis 400Salpingitis see Oviductal Diseases (334)Sarcocystosis 402Scissors beak see Beak Malocclusion (Lateral Beak Deformity) (48)Seizures 405Self-injurious behavior see Feather-Damaging and Self-Injurious Behavior (170)Sepsis 408Sick-Bird Syndrome 411Smoke inhalation injury see Toxicosis (Airborne) (434)Spinal trauma see Neurologic Trauma (305)Spirochete Infection 413Spironucleus see Flagellate (Intestinal) (177)Splay Leg see Angular Limb Deformities (22)Spleen (Diseases of) 415Squamous Cell Carcinoma see Neoplasia (Integument) (284)Squamous metaplasia see Hypovitaminosis A (308)Stroke see Atherosclerosis (36)Syringeal disease see Tracheal and Syringeal Diseases (457)Tendinitis and Tenosynovitis 418Thymus (Diseases of) 422Thyroid Diseases 424Toe and Nail Diseases 426Togaviruses see Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis Viruses (145)Tongue Diseases 431Toxicosis (Airborne) 434Toxicosis (Anticoagulant Rodenticide) 436Toxicosis (Environmental, Pesticides) 439Toxicicosis (Heavy Metals) 443Toxicosis (Iatrogenic) 445Toxicosis (Ingested, Gastrointestinal) 448Toxicosis (Vitamin D) 452Toxoplasmosis 454Tracheal and Syringeal Diseases 457Trauma [see also Neurologic Trauma] 461Trichomoniasis 465Tumors see Neoplasia (284)Undigested Food in Droppings 468Urate and Fecal Discoloration 471Uropygial Gland Disease 474Usutu Virus 476Viral diseases see individual named viral diseases (56)Vitamin D toxicosis see Toxicosis (Vitamin D) (452)West Nile Virus 478Wing droop see Brachial Plexus Avulsion; Fractures; Luxations (64)Wounds (Including Bite Wounds, Predator Attacks) 481Xanthoma/Xanthogranulomamatosis 484Yersiniosis 486Yolk Sac Retention and Infection 488Young pigeon syndrome see Circovirus (85)Zinc see Toxicosis (Heavy Metals) (443)Appendix I: Common Dosages for Birds 490Appendix II: Avian Hematology Reference Values 497Appendix III: Laboratory Testing (USA) 499Appendix IV: Viral Diseases of Concern 504Appendix V: Selected Zoonotic Diseases of Concern and Personal Protection 511Appendix VI: Common Avian Toxins and Their Clinical Signs 513Appendix VII: Avian Taxonomy 516Appendix VIII: Clinical Algorithms 523Algorithm 1: Sick-Bird Syndrome 523Algorithm 2: Diarrhea 524Algorithm 3: Regurgitation/Vomiting 525Algorithm 4: Respiratory Distress 526Algorithm 5: Coelemic Distension 527Algorithm 6: Egg Binding 528Algorithm 7: Anemia 529Algorithm 8: Oropharyngeal Lesions 530Algorithm 9: Neurologic Signs 531Algorithm 10: Polydipsia 532Algorithm 11: Polyuria 533Algorithm 12: Feather Loss 534Algorithm 13: Lameness 535Algorithm 14: Hyperuricemia 536Algorithm 15: Hepatopathy 537Algorithm 16: Wing Droop 538Algorithm 17: Respiratory Distress in Chickens 539Algorithm 18: Cloacal Prolapse 540Index 541