Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult

THE EDITOR JEAN-PIERRE LAVOIE, DVM, DACVIM, is a full professor in Equine Internal Medicine and Associate Dean of Research at the Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire at the University of Montreal in St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada and an adjunct professor at the Department of Medicine at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

• Abdominal Distention in the Adult Horse 1Abdominal Hernia in Adult Horses* 4Abdominocentesis—Increased Peritoneal Fluid 5Abnormal Estrus Intervals 7Abnormal Scrotal Enlargement 9Abnormal Testicular Size 11Abortion, Spontaneous, Infectious 13Abortion, Spontaneous, Noninfectious 16Acer rubrum (Red Maple) Toxicosis 19Acidosis, Metabolic 20Acidosis, Respiratory 22Actinobacillosis 24Acute Adult Abdominal Pain—Acute Colic 25Acute Epiglottiditis 27Acute Hepatitis in Adult Horses (Theiler Disease)* 28Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Acute Renal Failure (ARF) 30Acute-Phase Response 32Adenovirus 33Adrenal Insufficiency* 34Aflatoxicosis 35African Horse Sickness 36Agalactia/Hypogalactia 37Aggression 39Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 42Alkalosis, Metabolic 44Alkalosis, Respiratory 45Alopecia 46Amitraz Toxicosis 49Ammonia, Hyperammonemia 50Amylase, Lipase, and Trypsin 52Anaerobic Bacterial Infections 53Anaphylaxis 55Anemia 57Anemia, Chronic Disease 59Anemia, Heinz Body 60Anemia, Immune Mediated* 62Anemia, Iron Deficiency 64Anestrus 65Angular Limb Deformity 67Anhidrosis 69Anorexia and Decreased Food Intake* 70Anthrax 72Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis 73Anuria/Oliguria 74Aortic Regurgitation 76Aortic Rupture 78Aortoiliac Thrombosis 81Arsenic Toxicosis 82Artificial Insemination 83Arytenoid Chondropathy 86Ascarid Infestation 88Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 89Aspiration Pneumonia 91Atheroma of the False Nostril 92Atopic Dermatitis* 93Atrial Fibrillation 96Atrial Septal Defect 99Atypical Myopathy 101Aural Plaques 102Azotemia and Uremia 103Back Pain 105Bacteremia/Sepsis 106Bacterial Dermatitis—Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci 108Bile Acids 110Bilirubin (Hyperbilirubinemia) 111Biosecurity, Disinfectants in the Breeding Shed 113Blood and Plasma Transfusion Reactions 115Blood Culture 117Blue-Green Algae 119Bordetella bronchiseptica 120Botulism 121Bradyarrhythmias 123Broad Ligament Hematoma 124Brucellosis 125Bruxism 126Burdock Pappus Bristle Keratopathy 128Calcific Band Keratopathy 129Calcium, Hypercalcemia 130Calcium, Hypocalcemia 132Cantharidin Toxicosis 134Cardiotoxic Plants 136Castration, Henderson Castration Instrument 138Castration, Routine 139Centaurea and Acroptilon Toxicosis 140Cerebellar Abiotrophy 141Cervical Lesions 142Cervical Vertebral Malformation 145Cestrum diurnum Toxicosis* 146Chloride, Hyperchloremia 147Chloride, Hypochloremia 148Cholelithiasis* 149Chorioretinitis 150Chronic Diarrhea* 151Chronic Kidney Disease 153Chronic Progressive Lymphedema 155Chronic Weight Loss 156Cleft Palate 157Clitoral Enlargement 158Clostridial Myositis 159Clostridium difficile Infection 161Coagulation Defects, Acquired 163Coagulation Defects, Inherited 165Coccidioidomycosis* 166Coccidiosis 167Colic, Chronic/Recurrent 168Colic in Foals 170Complex Congenital Cardiac Disease 173Conception Failure in Mares 175Congenital Cardiac Abnormalities* 178Conium maculatum (Poison Hemlock) Toxicosis 180Conjunctival Diseases 181Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) 183Corneal/Scleral Lacerations 185Corneal Stromal Abscesses 186Corneal Ulceration 187Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis* 189Cough, Acute/Chronic 191Creatine Kinase (CK) 193Cryptorchidism 195Cryptosporidiosis 197Cutaneous Photosensitization* 198Cyanide Toxicosis 200Cyathostominosis* 201Cytology of Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Fluid 203Cytology of Pleural Fluid 204Cytology of Tracheal Aspiration (TA) Fluid 205Dacryocystitis 207Delayed Uterine Involution 209Dermatomycoses, Subcutaneous (SC) 210Dermatomycoses, Superficial 213Dermatophilosis 215Diaphragmatic Hernia 216Diarrhea, Neonate 217Dicoumarol (Moldy Sweet Clover) Toxicosis 219Diseases of the Equine Nictitans 220Disorders of Sexual Development 222Disorders of the Thyroid, Hypo- and Hyperthyroidism 224Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 226Distal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Disease 228Distal Tarsitis 229Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate (DDSP) 230Dorsal Metacarpal Bone Disease 231Dourine 232Duodenitis–Proximal Jejunitis (Anterior Enteritis, Proximal Enteritis) 234Dynamic Collapse of the Upper Airways 236Dystocia 238Ear Tick-Associated Muscle Cramping 240Early Embryonic Death 241Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), and Venezuelan (VEE) Equine Encephalitides 243Eclampsia 245Ectoparasites 246Embryo Transfer 248Endocarditis, Infective 250Endometrial Biopsy 252Endometritis 254Endotoxemia 258Enterolithiasis 260Eosinophilia and Basophilia 262Eosinophilic Enteritis 263Eosinophilic Keratitis 265Epiglottic Entrapment 266Equine Asthma 267Equine Coronavirus* 268Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis 269Equine Herpesvirus 5 271Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy 272Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS)/Insulin Dysregulation (ID) 273Equine Motor Neuron Disease 275Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis 277Equine Oocytes and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)* 279Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) 281Equine Recurrent Uveitis 284Equine Sarcoidosis 286Esophageal Obstruction (Choke) 287Excessive Maternal Behavior/Foal Stealing 289Exercise-Associated Arrhythmias 290Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH)* 291Exercise Intolerance in Sport Horses 292Exertional Rhabdomyolysis 294Expiratory Dyspnea 296Exudative Optic Neuropathy 298Eyelid Diseases 299Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity (FTPI) 301Fear 303Fescue Toxicosis 306Fetal Stress/Distress/Viability 308Fever 311Flexural Limb Deformity 315Fluid Therapy, Neonate 317Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome 319Fractures in Endurance Horses 320Fumonisins* 322Fungal Pneumonia 324Fusaria* 325Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) 326Gastric Dilation/Distention 328Gastric Impaction 330Gastric Neoplasia 332Gastric Ulcers and Erosions (Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome, EGUS) 333Gastric Ulcers, Neonate 335Getah Virus Infection* 337Glanders* 338Glaucoma 339Glucose, Hyperglycemia 341Glucose, Hypoglycemia 343Glucose Tolerance Tests 344Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency 346Goiter 347Granulomatous Enteritis 348Grass Sickness* 349Guttural Pouch Empyema 351Guttural Pouch Mycosis 352Guttural Pouch Tympany 353Headshaking 354Head Trauma 355Heaves (Severe Equine Asthma, RAO) 357Hemangiosarcoma 359Hemorrhage, Acute 360Hemorrhage, Chronic 362Hemorrhagic Nasal Discharge 363Hemospermia 364Hendra Virus 365Hepatic Abscess and Septic Cholangiohepatitis 366Hepatic Encephalopathy 368Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia 369Hernias (Umbilical and Inguinal) 370Herpesvirus 3 372Herpesvirus Types 1 and 4 373High-Risk Pregnancy 375Hydrocephalus 379Hydrops Allantois/Amnion 380Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis 382Hyperlipidemia/Hyperlipemia 384Hyperthermia* 386Hypoxemia 388Icterus (Prehepatic, Hepatic, Posthepatic) 390Idiopathic Colitis/Typhlitis* 392Ileal Hypertrophy 394Ileus 395Immune-Mediated Keratitis 397Immunoglobulin Deficiencies 399Immunosuppression 401Impaction 403Infectious Anemia (EIA) 405Infectious Arthritis (Nonhematogenous) 407Inflammatory Airway Disease—IAD in Performing Horses (Mild and Moderate Equine Asthma) 409Influenza* 411Insect Hypersensitivity 413Inspiratory Dyspnea 415Insulin Levels/Insulin Tolerance Test 417Internal Abdominal Abscesses 419Intestinal Absorption Tests 421Intra-abdominal Hemorrhage in Horses* 423Intracarotid Injections 425Ionophore Toxicosis 426Iris Prolapse 428Iron Toxicosis 429Ischemic Optic Neuropathy 430Isocoma pluriflora Toxicosis* 431Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Toxicosis 432Laminitis 433Lantana camara Toxicosis* 436Large Colon Torsion* 437Large Ovary Syndrome 439Laryngeal Hemiparesis/Hemiplegia (Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy) 442Lavender Foal Syndrome 444Lawsonia Intracellularis Infections in Foals 445Lead (Pb) Toxicosis 446Learning, Training, and Behavior Problems 448Lens Opacities/Cataracts 451Leptospirosis 453Lethal White Foal Syndrome 455Leukocytoclastic Pastern Vasculitis 456Leukoencephalomalacia 458Locomotor Stereotypic Behaviors 460Lungworm—Parasitic Bronchitis and Pneumonia 462Lyme Disease 463Lymphadenopathy 465Lymphocytic–Plasmacytic Enterocolitis 466Lymphocytosis 467Lymphopenia 469Lymphosarcoma 470Magnesium (Mg2+) 472Magnesium Disorders* 473Malabsorption 474Malicious Intoxication 476Mastitis 477Maternal Foal Rejection 478Meconium Retention 479Melanoma* 481Melena and Hematochezia 482Meningitis, Neonate 483Mercury Toxicosis 484Metabolic Disorders in Endurance Horses 485Metacarpo- (Metatarso-)phalangeal Joint Disease 487Metaldehyde Toxicosis 488Methemoglobin 489Methylxanthine Toxicosis 491Mitral Regurgitation 492Monensin Toxicosis 494Monocytosis 495Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome 496Multiple Myeloma 497Multisystemic Eosinophilic Epitheliotropic Disease* 498Myeloproliferative Diseases 499Myocardial Disease 500Narcolepsy and Cataplexy 502Navicular Syndrome 503Neonatal Isoerythrolysis 504Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome 506Nerium oleander (Oleander) Toxicosis 508Neuroaxonal Dystrophy/Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy 509Neutropenia 510Neutrophilia 512Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia 514Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicosis 515Nutrition in Foals* 516Nutritional Myodegeneration 518Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) 520Ocular/Adnexal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 521Ocular Examination 523Ocular Problems in the Neonate 524Omphalophlebitis 526Optic Nerve Atrophy 528Oral Neoplasia 529Oral Stereotypic Behavior 531Oral Ulcers 533Orbital Disease 535Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicosis 537Osmolality, Hyperosmolality 539Osteoarthritis 541Osteochondrosis 543Ovulation Failure 545Pancreatic Disease 546Pancytopenia 547Panicum coloratum (Kleingrass) Toxicosis* 548Papillomatosis 549Paraphimosis 550Pastern Dermatitis 552Patent Ductus Arteriosus 554Patent Urachus 556Pemphigus Foliaceus 557Penetrating Injuries to the Foot* 558Penile Lacerations 559Penile Paralysis 560Penile Vesicles, Erosions, and Tumors 561Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Toxicosis 563Pericarditis 564Perineal Lacerations/Recto-Vaginal-Vestibular Fistulas 566Periocular Sarcoid 568Periodontal Disease 570Peritonitis 572Petechiae, Ecchymoses, and Hematomas 573Pharyngeal Lymphoid Hyperplasia (Pharyngitis) 574Pheochromocytoma 575Phimosis 576Phosphorus, Hyperphosphatemia 577Phosphorus, Hypophosphatemia 578Photic Headshaking 579Photosensitization* 581Pica 583Pigmenturia (Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, and Myoglobinuria) 584Piroplasmosis 587Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction 589Placenta Basics 591Placental Insufficiency 592Placentitis 593Plasma Proteins 595Pleuropneumonia 597Pneumonia, Neonate 598Pneumothorax 600Pneumovagina/Pneumouterus 601Poisoning (Intoxication)—General Principles 602Polycythemia 605Polyneuritis Equi 607Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy 608Polyuria (PU) and Polydipsia (PD) 609Postpartum Metritis 611Potassium, Hyperkalemia 613Potassium, Hypokalemia 614Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) 615Pregnancy Diagnosis 617Premature Placental Separation 620Prematurity/Dysmaturity in Foals 621Prepubic Tendon Rupture 623Priapism 624Primary Hyperparathyroidism 625Probiotics in Foals and Horses* 626Progressive Ethmoidal Hematoma (PEH)* 628Proliferative Optic Neuropathy 629Prolonged Diestrus 630Prolonged Pregnancy 632Protein, Hyperproteinemia 634Protein, Hypoproteinemia 636Protein-Losing Enteropathy (PLE) 638Ptyalism 639Purpura Haemorrhagica 640Purulent Nasal Discharge 642Pyometra 644Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis* 646Quercus spp. (Oak) Toxicosis 648Rabies 649Rectal Prolapse 650Rectal Tears 652Regurgitation/Vomiting/Dysphagia 654Removal and Shipment of Ovaries for Postmortem ICSI 655Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Foals 657Resuscitation, Neonate 658Retained Deciduous Teeth 660Retained Fetal Membranes 662Rhodococcus equi (Prescottella equi) 663Rib Fractures in Foals 665Right and Left Dorsal Displacement of the Colon 666Right Dorsal Colitis 668Robinia pseudoacacia (Black Locust) Toxicosis 670Rotavirus 671Salmonellosis 672Sand Impaction and Enteropathy 674Sarcoid* 676Seasonal Pasture Myopathy/Atypical Myopathy 678Seizure Disorders 679Seizures in Foals* 680Selenium Intoxication 682Self-Mutilation 683Septic Arthritis, Neonate 684Septic Meningoencephalomyelitis 686Septicemia, Neonate 687Serum Amyloid A (SAA) 689Severe Combined Immunodeficiency 691Shivers (Shivering) 692Sinusitis (Paranasal)* 693Slaframine Toxicosis 695Small Intestinal Obstruction 696Smoke Inhalation 699Snake Envenomation 701Sodium, Hypernatremia 703Sodium, Hyponatremia 704Solanum spp. (Nightshade) Toxicosis 705Solar Abscess 706Soluble Oxalate Toxicosis 707Sorbitol Dehydrogenase (SDH) 708Sorghum spp. Toxicosis 710Spermatogenesis and Factors Affecting Sperm Production 711Spider Envenomation 713Splenomegaly 714Stallion Sexual Behavior Problems 715Stationary Night Blindness 717Streptococcus equi Infection 718Stress Fractures 720Stringhalt 722Summer Pasture-Associated Equine Asthma (Pasture Asthma)* 723Superficial Non-Healing Ulcers 725Supraventricular Arrhythmias 726Suspensory Desmitis 728Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter 729Synovial Fluid 730Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy 732Tendonitis 733Tenesmus 735Teratoma 737Tetanus* 738Thoracic Trauma 740Thrombocytopenia 742Thrombocytosis 744Thrombophlebitis 745Thyroid-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Tests 746Thyroid Tumors 748Toxic Hepatopathy 749Tremorgenic Mycotoxin Toxicoses 751Tricuspid Regurgitation 753Trifolium hybridum Toxicosis 755Tropane Alkaloids Toxicosis 756Trypanosomiasis 757Tuberculosis 759Tumors of the Respiratory System 760Twin Pregnancy 761Tyzzer Disease (Clostridium piliforme) 763Ulcerative Keratomycosis 764Upward Fixation of the Patella 766Urinalysis (U/A) 767Urinary Incontinence 769Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) 771Urine Pooling/Urovagina 773Urolithiasis 774Uroperitoneum, Neonate 776Urticaria 778Uterine Inertia 780Uterine Torsion 781Vaccination Protocols 783Vaginal Prolapse 785Vaginitis and Vaginal Discharge 786Ventricular Arrhythmias 787Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) 790Verminous Meningoencephalomyelitis 792Vesicular Stomatitis 793Vicia villosa (Hairy Vetch) Toxicosis 794Viral Arteritis (EVA) 795Viral (Herpes) Keratitis (Putative) 797Vision 798Vitrification of Equine Embryos 800Vulvar Conformation 802Weaning Separation Stress 804West Nile Virus 806Index 807