Black Church in America

Michael Battle served as Assistant Professor of Spirituality and Black Church Studies at Duke University and Rector of St. Ambrose Episcopal Church in Raleigh, North Carolina before moving to Virginia Theological Seminary. He was also Vice Chairman of the board of the Ghandi Institute. He is the author of The Church Enslaved: A Spirituality of Racial Reconciliation (2005), Reconciliation in a Violent World (2005) Blessed are the Peacemakers: A Christian Spirituality of Nonviolence (2004), The Wisdom of Desmond Tutu (1999) and Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu (1997).

• Acknowledgements ixIntroduction: An Amphibious Worldview xi1 Emergence of What is African 1African Warnings 1What is African? 122 The Particularity of African American Spirituality 233 The Black Church in the Shadow of Slavery 43The Scourge of Slavery 46The Survival of Africanism 57The Emergence of Black Denominations 604 Communal Worship 66The Controversy of Emotionalism 70“Spiritual Song” and the Emergence of Black Denominations 72African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 77Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 77African American Baptists Churches 78National Baptist Convention, USA 85African American Pentecostalism 86Black Worship 885 Inviting Others to Be Black 98African vs. Black: Dialectic Tension 103James Cone and Desmond Tutu 106African and Black: Communal Synthesis 1156 The Black Church as the Beloved Community 127King’s View: Prophecy and Nonviolence 133African American Responses to King 144King’s Dream of the Beloved Community 152Communal Antithesis for King 1547 Embodying African American Spirituality 163A Churchless Black Church 165A Womanless Black Church 169The Full Embodiment of the Black Church 176Timeline of the Black Church 183Websites for Historic Black Denominations 203Bibliography 204Index 216

"Michael Battle's book is a wise and bold treatment of the most complex phenomenon in Afro-American life: The Black Church. We need to listen to his words." Cornel West, Princeton University "The key to understanding Battle's fine study of the black church is found in his background as an African American Episcopal priest. His major thesis is that a strong sense of community pervades African American spirituality, which comes from communal African religious traditions and the survival needs of enslaved Africans in a hostile American environment. Although Battle's treatment of the historical material is not new, his emphasis on the communal worship and spirituality of African American Christianity is an important theological direction. Deeply influenced by the theology of Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who ordained him, Battle (Virginia Theological Seminary) argues that the communal spirituality of African Americans should be inclusive, eventually "inviting others to be black." He pushes this theme of community and reconciliation with a chapter that elaborates on Martin Luther King Jr.'s vision of "the Beloved Community," indicating that the black church can be the fulfillment of that view. He concludes the study with two challenges: a "Churchless Black Church" and a "Womanless Black Church." The book includes a historical time line and a bibliography. Summing Up: Recommended. Advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and specialists in the field." Choice "The African American churches need less absolutizing in order to undertake their great task of addressing the still rampant inequality and structural racism that criminalizes so many of their young males and reduces others to passivity. A radical gospel is needed more than ever, and it is to be hoped that this book will stimulate research to galvanize the churches into reflective action."Theological Book Review "An intriguing attempt at building a case for an African American Spirituality that is communal and relational in nature."Expository Times