Bird Strike in Aviation

Dr. Ahmed F. El-Sayed is a Professor of Aerospace and Mechanical Power Engineering at Zagazig University, Egypt. He was a Senior Engineer for Egyptian Airline EGYPTAIR for 10 years, working in the maintenance, technical inspection and R&D departments. He has worked as a researcher in corporate projects with Westinghouse (USA), Rolls Royce (UK) and Arab Organization for Industry (AOI), Egypt and taught aircraft propulsion and turbomachinery courses in several universities and institutes in Egypt, Libya, Austria, Belgium, China, Japan, Russia and the USA.

• Preface xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Bird Strike: Foreign Object Damage (FOD) 21.3 A Brief History of Bird Strike 61.4 Brief Statistics of Bird Strike 81.5 Classification of Birds Based on Size 101.5.1 Small Birds (Less than 2 lb) 101.5.2 Small–Medium Birds (2–4 lb) 111.5.3 Medium–Large Birds (4–8 lb) 111.5.4 Large Birds (8–12 lb) 111.5.5 Massive Birds (12–30 lb) 131.6 Bird Strike Risk 141.6.1 Civilian Aircraft 141.6.2 Military Aircraft 151.6.3 Helicopters 171.7 Severity of Bird Strikes 171.8 Field Experience of Aircraft Industry and Airlines Regarding Bird Ingestion into Aero Engines 181.8.1 Pratt & Whitney (USA) 181.8.2 General Electric Aviation (USA) 181.8.3 Southwest Airlines (USA) 191.8.4 MTU (Germany) 191.8.5 FL Technics (Vilnius, Lithuania) 191.9 Bird Strike Committees 19References 202 Aircraft Damage 232.1 Introduction 232.2 Accidents vs. Incidents 252.2.1 Accident 252.2.2 Serious Injury 252.2.3 Incident 262.3 Consequences of Bird Strike 262.4 Impact Force 282.5 Locations of Bird Strike Damage for Airliners 302.5.1 Nose and Radar Dome (Radome) 302.5.2 Windshield and Flight Cockpit 332.5.3 Landing Gear and Landing Gear Systems 372.5.4 Fuselage 392.5.5 Wings 402.5.6 Empennage 402.5.7 Power Plant 412.5.8 Propeller 532.5.9 V‐22 Osprey as a Military Example 532.5.10 Other Strikes to Aircraft Instruments 542.6 Helicopters 562.7 Some Accident Data 592.7.1 Fixed‐Wing Aircraft 592.7.2 Rotary‐Wing Aircraft (Helicopters) 60References 633 Statistics for Different Aspects of Bird Strikes 673.1 Introduction 683.2 Statistics for Bird Strike 693.3 Classifying Bird Strikes 703.3.1 Single or Multiple Large Bird(s) 703.3.2 Relatively Small Numbers of Medium‐Sized Birds (2–10 Birds) 703.3.3 Large Flocks of Relatively Small Birds (Greater Than 10 Birds) 703.4 Classification of Birds Based on Critical Sites in the Aerodrome 703.4.1 Birds Flying or Soaring Over the Aerodrome or Approach Paths (100–4000 ft AGL) 713.4.2 Birds Flying, Sailing Low, or Hovering Over Active Runway and Shoulders (2200 ft AGL) 723.4.3 Birds Perching and Walking on Runway/Shoulders 723.4.4 Birds Squatting on the Runway to Rest 723.4.5 Birds Feeding on Live or Dead Insects or Animals on the Runway 733.4.6 Birds Perched on Runway Lights, Floodlight Towers, Electric Poles, and Other Perches 733.5 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for Fixed‐Wing Aircraft 743.5.1 Transport Aircraft (Airliners, Civilian, and Military Cargo) 743.5.1.1 Airframe 743.5.1.2 Engines 743.5.2 General Aviation Aircraft 753.5.3 Light Non‐Commuter Aircraft 753.6 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for Rotorcrafts 753.6.1 Large Rotorcraft 753.6.2 Small Rotorcraft 753.7 Statistics for Fixed‐Wing Civilian Aircraft 753.7.1 Critical Parts of Turbofan/Turbojet Aircraft 763.7.2 Critical Modules of Turboprop/Piston Aircraft 813.7.3 Bird Strike Versus Altitude 833.7.4 Bird Strike by the Phase of Flight 873.7.5 Annual Bird Strike Statistics 893.7.6 Monthly Bird Strike Statistics 913.7.7 Bird Strike by the Time of Day 933.7.8 Bird Strike by Continent 953.7.9 Bird Strike by Weight of Birds 953.7.10 Bird Strike by Aircraft Category 963.7.11 Bird Strike by Bird Species 983.7.12 Populations of Some Dangerous Bird Species in North America 1003.7.13 Dangerous Bird Species in Europe 1023.8 Military Aviation 1033.8.1 Introduction 1033.8.2 Annual Bird Strike with Military Aircraft 1043.8.3 Annual Costs of Bird Strike with Military Aircraft 1063.8.4 Statistics of Bird Strike by Altitude 1073.8.5 Bird Strike by Aircraft Type 1083.8.6 Bird Strike by Flight Phase 1093.8.7 Bird Strike by the Distance from the Base 1093.8.8 Bird Strike by Month 1103.8.9 Bird Strike by the Time of Day 1103.8.10 Bird Strike by Part 1103.8.11 Critical Bird Species 1123.9 Bird Strikes on Helicopters (Rotating Wing Aircraft) 1123.9.1 Bird Strike with Civilian Helicopters 1123.9.2 Bird Strike with Military Helicopters 1143.10 Birds Killed in Strikes with Aircraft 115References 1164 Fatal Bird Strike Accidents 1194.1 Introduction 1204.2 Civil Aircraft 1204.2.1 Introduction 1204.2.2 Statistics of Annual Fatal Accidents Due to Bird Strike 1214.2.3 Statistics of Critical Flight Phases 1244.3 Fatal Accidents of Civil Aircraft 1254.4 Statistics for Civil Aircraft Accidents 1464.4.1 Statistics for Critical Damaged Parts of Aircraft 1464.4.2 Statistics for Strikes with Different Types of Engines 1484.4.3 Effects of the Wildlife Strike on the Flight 1484.4.4 Dangerous Birds 1494.5 Statistics for Bird Strike Incidents/Accidents in the USA (1990–2015) 1504.6 Statistics for Russian Accidents (1988–1990) 1504.7 Military Aircraft 1534.7.1 Introduction 1534.7.2 Statistics for Military Aircraft Accidents 1544.7.3 Statistics for Ex‐Soviet Union Air Force in East Germany 1574.7.4 Details of Some Accidents for Military Aircraft 1594.7.5 Details of Accidents for Military Aircraft in Norway in 2016 1634.7.6 Comparison between Bird Strikes with Civilian and Military Aircraft 1664.8 Helicopters 1664.8.1 Introduction 1664.8.2 Statistics for Bird Strikes with Civil and Military Helicopters in the USA 1684.8.3 Statistics for Bird Strikes with a Flight Phase 1694.8.4 Statistics for Bird Strikes with Time of Day 1704.8.5 Statistics for Parts of Helicopters Struck by Birds (January 2009 Through February 2016) 1704.8.6 Statistics for Bird Species Striking and Damaging Helicopters 1704.8.7 Fatal Accidents 1704.9 Conclusions 173References 1745 Bird Migration 1795.1 Introduction 1795.2 Why Do Birds Migrate? 1825.3 Some Migration Facts 1835.4 Basic Types of Migration 1835.4.1 Classification of Migration Based on the Pattern 1845.4.2 Classification of Migration Based on the Type of Motion 1865.4.3 Classification of Migration Based on Distance Traveled 1865.4.4 Permanent Residents 1875.5 Flight Speed of Migrating Birds 1875.6 Navigation of Migrating Birds 1875.7 Migration Threats 1885.8 Migratory Bird Flyways 1885.8.1 Introduction 1885.8.2 North American Migration Flyways – The Four Ways 1915.8.2.1 The Atlantic Flyway 1915.8.2.2 The Mississippi Flyway 1935.8.2.3 The Central Flyway 1935.8.2.4 The Pacific Flyway 1945.8.3 The Americas Bird Migration 1945.8.3.1 North–South Americas 1945.8.3.2 Alaska’s Flyways 1945.8.4 Africa Eurasia Flyways 1945.8.5 East Asian–Australian Flyways 1995.9 Radio Telemetry 200References 2026 Bird Strike Management 2056.1 Introduction 2066.2 Why Birds Are Attracted to Airports 2066.2.1 Food 2066.2.2 Water 2076.2.3 Cover 2086.3 Misconceptions or Myths 2096.4 The FAA National Wildlife Strike Database for Civil Aviation 2096.5 Management for Fixed‐Wing Aircraft 2146.5.1 Reduction of Bird Strike Hazard 2146.5.2 Awareness 2146.5.3 Airfield Bird Control 2156.5.4 Aircraft Design 2156.6 Control of Airport and Surroundings 2156.7 Active Controls 2156.7.1 Auditory (or Bioacoustic) Methods 2166.7.1.1 Pyrotechnics 2166.7.1.2 Gas Cannons 2176.7.1.3 Bioacoustics 2176.7.2 Visual Techniques 2196.7.2.1 Lasers 2196.7.2.2 Falconry 2216.7.2.3 Dogs 2226.7.2.4 Scarecrow 2236.7.2.5 Human Scarer 2236.7.2.6 Radio‐Controlled Craft 2246.7.2.7 All‐Terrain Vehicles (ATV) 2246.7.2.8 Pulsating Lights 2246.7.2.9 Scaring Aircraft 2246.7.2.10 The Robotic Peregrine, Hawk and Falcon (Robop and Robird) 2246.7.2.11 Corpses 2276.7.3 Lethal Techniques 2286.7.3.1 Shooting 2286.7.3.2 Live Trapping 2306.7.3.3 Removal of Nests and Young 2306.7.3.4 Egg Manipulation 2316.7.4 Chemical Repellents 2336.7.4.1 Polybutene 2336.7.4.2 Anthraquinone 2336.7.4.3 Methyl Anthranilate 2336.7.4.4 Naphthalene 2346.7.4.5 Avitrol 2346.7.5 Exclusion 2346.7.5.1 Netting 2346.7.5.2 Porcupine Wire (Nixalite) 2356.7.5.3 Bird‐B‐Gone 2356.7.5.4 Avi‐Away 2356.7.5.5 Fine Wires (Large‐Area Applications) 2356.7.5.6 Bird Balls™ 2356.8 Habitat Modification or Passive Management Techniques 2366.8.1 Food Control 2366.8.2 Water Control 2386.8.3 Shelter Control 2386.8.3.1 Managing Reforested Areas 2406.8.3.2 Landscaping 2406.9 Air Traffic Service Providers 2406.9.1 Controllers and Flight‐Service Specialists 2406.9.2 Terminal Controllers 2426.9.3 Tower and Ground Controllers 2446.9.4 Flight Service Specialists (FSS) 2446.9.5 Pilots 2446.9.5.1 Preflight Preparation 2446.9.5.2 Taxiing for Takeoff 2456.9.5.3 Takeoff 2456.9.5.4 Climb 2456.9.5.5 En Route 2456.9.5.6 Approach and Landing 2456.9.5.7 Post‐Flight 2466.9.6 Air Operators 2466.9.6.1 Introduction 2466.9.6.2 Air Operator General Flight Planning and Operating Principles 2476.9.6.3 Flight Planning 2476.9.6.4 Managing Agricultural Programs in Airfields 2476.10 Aircraft Design 2476.10.1 Certification Standards 2486.10.1.1 Airframe Certification Standards 2486.10.1.2 Engine Certification Standards 2486.10.1.3 Improved Design and Material Developments of Both Airframe and Engine Parts 2496.10.2 Additional Requirements 2496.10.2.1 New Aircraft Categories 2496.10.2.2 Aircraft Modules 2496.11 Rotary‐Wing Aviation 2506.11.1 Helicopters 2506.11.2 Heliports 2516.12 Bird Avoidance 2526.12.1 Avian Radar 2526.12.1.1 Avian Radar Fundamentals 2526.12.1.2 Integration into Airport Operations 2546.12.2 Optical Systems 260References 2627 Airframe and Engine Bird Strike Testing 2677.1 Introduction 2677.2 Bird Impact Test Facilities 2687.2.1 Introduction 2687.2.2 Test Facilities 2697.2.2.1 USA 2697.2.2.2 Canada 2697.2.2.3 Europe 2697.3 Details of Some Test Facilities 2697.3.1 Aircraft Windshield and Airframe Testing 2707.3.1.1 Chicken Gun or Chicken Cannon 2707.3.1.2 Alenia Plant Testing 2707.3.2 Engine Testing 2707.3.3 Artificial Birds Versus Real Birds 2717.3.3.1 Real Birds 2727.3.3.2 Artificial Birds 2727.4 Certification Requirements 2737.5 Airframe Testing of Transport Aircraft 2737.5.1 Wing Testing 2737.5.1.1 Case Study 2747.5.2 Empennage Testing 2757.5.2.1 Case Study 1 2757.5.2.2 Case Study 2 2767.6 Airframe Testing of Military Aircraft 2777.6.1 Canopy and Windscreen 2787.6.2 Lift Fan Inlet Door (STOVL Mode) 2797.7 Engine Testing of Civil and Military Aircraft 2807.7.1 Certification Regarding Bird Strike 2807.7.2 Typical Damage to Turbofan Modules 2837.8 Helicopters 283References 2858 Numerical Simulation of Bird Strike 2878.1 Introduction 2878.2 Numerical Steps 2898.2.1 Pre‐processing 2908.2.2 Solution 2908.2.3 Post‐processing 2918.3 Bird Impact Modeling 2918.3.1 Modeling the Geometry and Material of Birds 2918.3.2 Impact Modeling 2938.4 Numerical Approaches for Bird Strike 2968.4.1 Mathematical Models 2968.4.2 The Lagrangian Method 2978.4.3 The Eulerian Approach 2988.4.4 The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) 2998.4.5 Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics (SPH) 3008.5 Case Study 3018.5.1 Leading Edges of Wing/Tail 3028.5.1.1 Wing 3028.5.1.2 Vertical Tail 3068.5.1.3 Horizontal Tail 3078.5.2 Sidewall Structure of an Aircraft Nose 3088.5.3 Windshield 3098.5.4 Fan 3128.5.5 Helicopter Windshield 3168.5.6 Helicopter Rotor and Spinner 318References 3189 Bird Identification 3239.1 Introduction 3239.2 Collecting Bird Strike Material 3259.2.1 Feathers 3259.2.2 Tissue/Blood (“Snarge”) 3259.2.2.1 Dry Material 3259.2.2.2 Fresh Material 3259.3 Reporting and Shipping 3269.4 Methods Used to Identify Bird Strike Remains 3279.4.1 Examination by Eye 3279.4.2 Microscopic Examination 3289.4.3 Keratin Electrophoresis 3309.4.4 DNA Analysis 3309.5 Accident Analysis 331References 332Index 335

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