Biosensors

BALJINDER KAUR, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics at the Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India. SANTOSH KUMAR, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, India. BRAJESH KUMAR KAUSHIK, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.

• About the Authors ixPreface xiiiAcknowledgments xviiList of Abbreviations xixAbout the Companion Website xxi1 Fundamentals of Biomedical Sensors 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Classification of Biosensors 51.3 Elements of Biosensors 51.4 Bio-recognition Elements 51.4.1 Nucleic Acids 51.4.2 Aptamers 71.4.3 Enzymes 71.4.4 Antibodies 71.4.5 Bacteriophages 91.4.6 MIPs 101.4.7 Biosensors Based on Whole Cells 121.5 Sensing Techniques 141.5.1 ECL Biosensors 141.5.2 Optical Biosensors 151.5.2.1 Plasmonic Biosensors 151.5.2.2 Interferometric Sensors 181.5.2.3 Colorimetric Sensors 191.5.2.4 SERS-Based Biosensors 211.5.2.5 Fluorescence-Based Biosensors 231.5.2.6 Photonic Crystal-Fiber–Based Biosensors 241.5.3 Mass Biosensors 25References 272 Immobilization Techniques for Bioreceptors 392.1 Introduction 392.2 Requirements of Immobilization 412.3 Immobilization Methods 422.3.1 Adsorption Immobilization or Electrostatic Interaction Method 422.3.2 Entrapment 432.3.3 Membrane Encapsulation 432.3.4 Covalent Immobilization 452.4 Materials Used in Different Immobilization Techniques and Supports 472.5 Future Prospects and Possibilities in Immobilization Technology 502.6 Summary 53References 553 Nucleic Acid–Based Biosensors 633.1 Introduction 633.2 ECL Biosensor Designs 643.3 Nucleic Acid–Based Colorimetric Biosensors 673.4 Nucleic Acid–Based Fluorescent Biosensor 703.5 Nucleic Acid–Based Plasmonic Biosensor 713.6 SERS-Based Nucleic Acid Biosensors 763.7 Interferometric NA Biosensors 783.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 81References 814 Antibody-Based Biosensors 914.1 Polyclonal Antibody and Monoclonal Antibody 914.2 Cardiovascular Biomarker, Autoimmune Disorder, and Cholesterol Biomarker 944.2.1 Cancer Detection 944.2.2 Tuberculosis Detection 984.2.3 Cardiovascular Disease 1044.2.4 Autoimmune Disease 1054.2.5 Detection of Stress Biomarkers 1054.2.6 Cholesterol Disease 1074.2.7 Glucose Measurement 1104.2.8 Microbe Detection: Viruses, Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, and Protists 1124.2.9 Toxins Detection 1124.3 Conclusions and Future Directions 118References 1185 Aptamer-Based Biosensors 1395.1 Introduction 1395.2 Selection of Aptamers and Design Strategies 1425.2.1 Modified Bases 1435.2.2 Structural Modeling 1435.2.3 Cell-SELEX 1455.2.4 Counter-SELEX 1455.2.5 High-throughput Sequencing 1475.2.6 In Silico SELEX 1475.2.7 Structure-Switching Signaling-Based Aptamers 1485.2.8 Folding Aptamer-Based Biosensors 1505.2.9 Split Aptamers 1535.3 Sepsis, Pathogens, and Biomarkers to Detect Disease and Pollutants 1555.4 Small Biomolecules 1585.5 Summary 163References 1636 Bacteriophage-Based Biosensors 1776.1 Introduction 1776.1.1 Reporter Bacteriophages 1806.1.2 Stained Phages 1806.1.3 Lytic Phages 1816.1.4 Capturing Phages 1816.1.5 Phage Receptor-Binding Proteins 1816.2 Design of Bacteriophage-Based Biosensor 1826.3 Future Prospects 1956.4 Summary 196References 1967 Peptide-Based Biosensors 2037.1 Introduction 2037.2 Synthesis Methods 2047.2.1 Design of ECL Biosensors 2057.2.2 Design of Plasmonics Biosensors 2137.2.3 Design of Colorimetric Biosensors 2187.2.4 Design of Fluorescence Biosensors 2197.2.5 Design of Interferometric Biosensors 2247.2.6 Design of SERS-Based Biosensors 2257.3 Summary 228References 2298 Synthetic BREs and Smart Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors 2398.1 MIPs as Bioreceptors and Their Applications 2398.2 Nanomaterials-Based Sensors 2428.2.1 Metals and Metal-Oxide-Based Nanomaterials 2428.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 2448.2.3 Magnetic, 2D Nanomaterials, Quantum Dots, and Polymer-Based Nanomaterials 2508.2.4 Nanomaterials for Wearable Biosensors 2548.3 Summary 261References 2629 Advancement in Optical Biosensors to Detect Malignant Tumors 2819.1 Introduction 2819.2 Cancer Biomarkers 2829.3 Types of Optical Biosensors 2849.3.1 SPR and LSPR Sensors 2859.3.2 Colorimetric Sensors 2899.3.3 Fluorescence Sensors 2899.3.4 Interferometric Sensors 2929.3.5 SERS Sensors 2929.3.6 Metall-Insulatorl-Metal Waveguidel-Resonator-Based Optical Sensors 2949.4 Challenges and Future Prospects 2969.5 Summary 298References 299Index 307