Arbind Prasad, PhD is an Assistant Professor and the Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, Katihar Engineering College (Under Department of Science, Technology and?Technical Education, Government of Bihar), Katihar, Bihar, India. He has published 20+ journal articles, 16 books, 48 book chapters, and 15 conference papers. His research spans resorbable polymers, biomaterials, and nanomaterials processing.Vimal Katiyar, PhD is a Professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India. He has published more than 180 articles in reputed international journals, edited six books, and holds 29 patents. His research focuses on nanocomposites and polymerization.

• Preface xxviiAcknowledgement xxixPart I: Fundamentals of Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 11 Introduction to Additive Manufacturing for Healthcare Applications 3Arbind Prasad and Ranjit Barua1.1 Introduction 41.2 History and Background 51.3 AM Technology and Method 61.4 Additive Manufacturing in Medical Applications 81.5 Recent Challenges and Future Directions of Healthcare Enabled by AM 121.6 Future Possibilities 151.7 Conclusion 162 Materials and Processing in Additive Manufacturing for Healthcare Applications 25Atanu Kumar Paul, Gourhari Chakraborty and Arbind Prasad2.1 Introduction 262.2 Materials for Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 292.3 Processing Techniques in Additive Manufacturing 312.4 Applications of Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 382.5 Key Areas of Potential Enhancement in Clinical Performance and Functionality 422.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 442.7 Key Themes in Integration of Materials and Processing 472.8 Case Studies and Applications 502.9 Conclusions 52Part II: Materials for Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 633 Biopolymer-Based Biomaterials as Feedstock Materials for Additive Manufacturing 65Magdalena B. Labowska, Adrianna Cieslak, Maria Skrodzka, Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziolkowska, Agnieszka Adamczyk and Jerzy Detyna3.1 Introduction 663.2 Types of Biopolymers Used in Additive Manufacturing Technologies 683.3 Techniques of Additive Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications 753.4 Challenges in Using Biopolymers for Additive Manufacturing Technologies 813.5 Medical Application of Biopolymers 823.6 Future Research Directions and Perspectives 863.7 Conclusions 884 3D-Printed Biopolymeric Scaffolds and Implants 99Kinga Sekula, Maja Ducka, Grzegorz Ziolkowski, Jerzy Detyna and Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziolkowska4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Classification of Biopolymers 1024.3 Emerging Biopolymers, Hybrids, or Blends 1114.4 Biopolymers Use in 3D Printing 1124.5 Additive Manufacturing of Biopolymeric Scaffolds and Implants 1134.6 Applications of Biopolymers in Medicine 1204.7 Conclusion 1265 Additive Manufacturing of PLA-Based Biocomposites for Biomedical Applications 137Ranjit Barua, Sumit Bhowmik, Deepanjan Das and Sudipto Datta5.1 Introduction 1385.2 3D Printing Techniques for PLA 1395.3 PLA-Based Biomaterials 1415.4 Applications of PLA in Biomedical Fields 1425.5 Innovations and Future Directions 1445.6 Biodegradation and Biocompatibility of PLA 1475.7 Challenges and Limitations 1485.8 Future Directions and Innovations 1495.9 Conclusion 1496 Cellulose-Based Biomaterial in Additive Manufacturing 155Siddharth Mohan Bhasney, Rhia Madhuri, Bidyanand Mahto and Arbind Prasad6.1 Background History and Introduction 1566.2 Latest Developments 1586.3 Biopolymers and Types 1666.4 3D Printing—Suitable Properties for Biomaterials 1686.5 Cellular Techniques 1716.6 Materials and Method 1826.7 Conclusion 1917 Chitosan-Based Composites in Additive Manufacturing Process 205Vishnuvarthanan Mayakrishnan and Raja Venkatesan7.1 Introduction 2067.2 Overview of Chitosan 2077.3 Biocompatibility of Chitosan 2107.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan 2127.5 Fabrication of Chitosan-Based Composites Using Additive Manufacturing 2147.6 Incorporation of Additives and Reinforcements 2197.7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Composites 2227.8 Customization via Additive Manufacturing Techniques 2267.9 Potential of Chitosan-Based Composites in Biomedical Applications 2287.10 Future Research Directions and Challenges 2317.11 Conclusion 2338 Silk Fibroin-Based Composites in Additive Manufacturing Process 239Shubham Pant, Syed Fathima Missriya, Sravanthi Loganathan and Ravi Babu Valapa8.1 Introduction 2408.2 Background of SF Types for Additive Manufacturing 2418.3 Additive Manufacturing Techniques for SF 2448.4 Applications of SF in Additive Manufacturing 2488.5 Challenges and Future Prospective 2618.6 Conclusion 2629 Additively Manufactured PCL-Based Bio-Composites for Biomedical Applications 273Varatharajan Prasannavenkadesan, Syed Naveed Ul Meiraj, Ram Prasanth S. and J. Jeevamalar9.1 Introduction 2739.2 Applications in Tissue Engineering 2789.3 Applications in Medical Devices 2839.4 Dental Applications 2879.5 Summary 28710 Polylactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)-Based Composites through Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications 295Ranjit Barua, Arbind Prasad and Sudipto Datta10.1 Introduction 29610.2 Properties of PLGA for Biomedical Applications 29710.3 PLGA-Based Composite Formulations 29910.4 Additive Manufacturing Techniques for PLGA Composites 30010.5 Biomedical Applications of PLGA-Based Composites 30110.6 Challenges and Future Directions 30110.7 Future Directions 30210.8 Conclusion 30311 Alginate-Based Composites in Additive Manufacturing 309Ilangovan Pugazhenthi and Vishnu Kirthi Arivarasan11.1 Introduction 31011.2 Alginate Composites for Additive Manufacturing 31211.3 3D Printing Techniques 31711.4 Applications of Alginate-Composite-Based Bioink Uses in Tissue Engineering 32311.5 Limitations, Advantages, and Prospects of Printed Alginate-Based Materials 32711.6 Conclusion 328Part III: Applications and Future Directions 33712 3D Printing in Hard Tissue Engineering 339Ranjit Barua, Arbind Prasad, Bidyanand Mahto and Sudipto Datta12.1 Introduction 34012.2 Materials Used in 3D Printing for Hard Tissue Engineering 34212.3 3D Printing Techniques in Hard Tissue Engineering 34612.4 Design and Fabrication of Scaffolds 34912.5 Applications in Bone Tissue Engineering 35312.6 Clinical Challenges and Solutions 35612.7 Future Directions and Conclusion 36012.8 Conclusion 36213 3D Printing in Drug Delivery Applications 369Awadhesh Kumar Verma, Nisha Shankhwar, Tanya Singh, Satyendra Singh and Neeta Raj Sharma13.1 Introduction 37013.2 3D Printing Techniques for Drug Delivery 37213.3 Applications of 3D Printing in Drug Delivery 37813.4 Materials for 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Systems 38613.5 Design Considerations for 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Devices 39313.6 Preclinical and Clinical Studies of 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Systems 39513.7 Challenges and Future Directions 39713.8 Conclusion 39914 Next-Gen Bioprinting: Transforming Medicine with PLA Biocomposites 407Maneesh Dubey, Ruchin Kacker, Sanjay Kumar Singh and Amit Arora14.1 Introduction 40814.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) in Biomedical Applications 41314.3 Biocomposites for Biomedical Applications 41714.4 Additive Manufacturing of PLA-Based Biocomposites 42114.5 Characterization of PLA-Based Biocomposites 42514.6 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 42914.7 Applications in Drug Delivery Systems 43214.8 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations 43514.9 Advances in AM Technologies for Biocomposites 43714.10 Conclusion and Summary 43915 Advances in Biological Studies of Additively Manufactured Biomaterials 449Arindam Banerjee, Debasish Banerjee and Sudipto Datta15.1 Introduction 45015.2 The Evolution of Additive Manufacturing in Biomaterials Science 45115.3 Advances in Biocompatibility and Biofunctionality 45215.4 Advances in Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering 45415.5 Development of Bioinks 45615.6 Bioinks for Vascularized Tissue Engineering 45815.7 Applications in Tissue Engineering 45915.8 Challenges and Future Directions 46815.9 Conclusion 46816 Degradation Studies of Additive Manufactured Biomedical Devices 475Subhasree Panda, Vipu Vinayak V.J., Jameer Basha S.K., Thangamani Jayaram Gounder, Mohan Kumar Kesarla and S.K. Khadheer Pasha16.1 Introduction 47616.2 A Brief Survey on AM 47716.3 Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials 47916.4 Biomedical Applications of AM-Based Biomaterials 48116.5 Degradation Studies of AM-Based Biomedical Devices 48616.6 Conclusion 49917 Challenges and Perspective Applications of Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Applications 505Santosh Kumar and Rakesh Kumar17.1 Introduction 50617.2 State-of-The-Art in AM for Biomedical Applications 51017.3 Challenges in AM for Biomedical Applications 51817.4 Future Perspectives and Emerging Trends 52017.5 Conclusion 522References 523Index 533

Arbind Prasad, PhD is an Assistant Professor and the Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, Katihar Engineering College (Under Department of Science, Technology and?Technical Education, Government of Bihar), Katihar, Bihar, India. He has published 20+ journal articles, 16 books, 48 book chapters, and 15 conference papers. His research spans resorbable polymers, biomaterials, and nanomaterials processing.Vimal Katiyar, PhD is a Professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India. He has published more than 180 articles in reputed international journals, edited six books, and holds 29 patents. His research focuses on nanocomposites and polymerization.

• Preface xxviiAcknowledgement xxixPart I: Fundamentals of Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 11 Introduction to Additive Manufacturing for Healthcare Applications 3Arbind Prasad and Ranjit Barua1.1 Introduction 41.2 History and Background 51.3 AM Technology and Method 61.4 Additive Manufacturing in Medical Applications 81.5 Recent Challenges and Future Directions of Healthcare Enabled by AM 121.6 Future Possibilities 151.7 Conclusion 162 Materials and Processing in Additive Manufacturing for Healthcare Applications 25Atanu Kumar Paul, Gourhari Chakraborty and Arbind Prasad2.1 Introduction 262.2 Materials for Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 292.3 Processing Techniques in Additive Manufacturing 312.4 Applications of Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 382.5 Key Areas of Potential Enhancement in Clinical Performance and Functionality 422.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 442.7 Key Themes in Integration of Materials and Processing 472.8 Case Studies and Applications 502.9 Conclusions 52Part II: Materials for Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 633 Biopolymer-Based Biomaterials as Feedstock Materials for Additive Manufacturing 65Magdalena B. Labowska, Adrianna Cieslak, Maria Skrodzka, Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziolkowska, Agnieszka Adamczyk and Jerzy Detyna3.1 Introduction 663.2 Types of Biopolymers Used in Additive Manufacturing Technologies 683.3 Techniques of Additive Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications 753.4 Challenges in Using Biopolymers for Additive Manufacturing Technologies 813.5 Medical Application of Biopolymers 823.6 Future Research Directions and Perspectives 863.7 Conclusions 884 3D-Printed Biopolymeric Scaffolds and Implants 99Kinga Sekula, Maja Ducka, Grzegorz Ziolkowski, Jerzy Detyna and Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziolkowska4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Classification of Biopolymers 1024.3 Emerging Biopolymers, Hybrids, or Blends 1114.4 Biopolymers Use in 3D Printing 1124.5 Additive Manufacturing of Biopolymeric Scaffolds and Implants 1134.6 Applications of Biopolymers in Medicine 1204.7 Conclusion 1265 Additive Manufacturing of PLA-Based Biocomposites for Biomedical Applications 137Ranjit Barua, Sumit Bhowmik, Deepanjan Das and Sudipto Datta5.1 Introduction 1385.2 3D Printing Techniques for PLA 1395.3 PLA-Based Biomaterials 1415.4 Applications of PLA in Biomedical Fields 1425.5 Innovations and Future Directions 1445.6 Biodegradation and Biocompatibility of PLA 1475.7 Challenges and Limitations 1485.8 Future Directions and Innovations 1495.9 Conclusion 1496 Cellulose-Based Biomaterial in Additive Manufacturing 155Siddharth Mohan Bhasney, Rhia Madhuri, Bidyanand Mahto and Arbind Prasad6.1 Background History and Introduction 1566.2 Latest Developments 1586.3 Biopolymers and Types 1666.4 3D Printing—Suitable Properties for Biomaterials 1686.5 Cellular Techniques 1716.6 Materials and Method 1826.7 Conclusion 1917 Chitosan-Based Composites in Additive Manufacturing Process 205Vishnuvarthanan Mayakrishnan and Raja Venkatesan7.1 Introduction 2067.2 Overview of Chitosan 2077.3 Biocompatibility of Chitosan 2107.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan 2127.5 Fabrication of Chitosan-Based Composites Using Additive Manufacturing 2147.6 Incorporation of Additives and Reinforcements 2197.7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Composites 2227.8 Customization via Additive Manufacturing Techniques 2267.9 Potential of Chitosan-Based Composites in Biomedical Applications 2287.10 Future Research Directions and Challenges 2317.11 Conclusion 2338 Silk Fibroin-Based Composites in Additive Manufacturing Process 239Shubham Pant, Syed Fathima Missriya, Sravanthi Loganathan and Ravi Babu Valapa8.1 Introduction 2408.2 Background of SF Types for Additive Manufacturing 2418.3 Additive Manufacturing Techniques for SF 2448.4 Applications of SF in Additive Manufacturing 2488.5 Challenges and Future Prospective 2618.6 Conclusion 2629 Additively Manufactured PCL-Based Bio-Composites for Biomedical Applications 273Varatharajan Prasannavenkadesan, Syed Naveed Ul Meiraj, Ram Prasanth S. and J. Jeevamalar9.1 Introduction 2739.2 Applications in Tissue Engineering 2789.3 Applications in Medical Devices 2839.4 Dental Applications 2879.5 Summary 28710 Polylactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)-Based Composites through Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications 295Ranjit Barua, Arbind Prasad and Sudipto Datta10.1 Introduction 29610.2 Properties of PLGA for Biomedical Applications 29710.3 PLGA-Based Composite Formulations 29910.4 Additive Manufacturing Techniques for PLGA Composites 30010.5 Biomedical Applications of PLGA-Based Composites 30110.6 Challenges and Future Directions 30110.7 Future Directions 30210.8 Conclusion 30311 Alginate-Based Composites in Additive Manufacturing 309Ilangovan Pugazhenthi and Vishnu Kirthi Arivarasan11.1 Introduction 31011.2 Alginate Composites for Additive Manufacturing 31211.3 3D Printing Techniques 31711.4 Applications of Alginate-Composite-Based Bioink Uses in Tissue Engineering 32311.5 Limitations, Advantages, and Prospects of Printed Alginate-Based Materials 32711.6 Conclusion 328Part III: Applications and Future Directions 33712 3D Printing in Hard Tissue Engineering 339Ranjit Barua, Arbind Prasad, Bidyanand Mahto and Sudipto Datta12.1 Introduction 34012.2 Materials Used in 3D Printing for Hard Tissue Engineering 34212.3 3D Printing Techniques in Hard Tissue Engineering 34612.4 Design and Fabrication of Scaffolds 34912.5 Applications in Bone Tissue Engineering 35312.6 Clinical Challenges and Solutions 35612.7 Future Directions and Conclusion 36012.8 Conclusion 36213 3D Printing in Drug Delivery Applications 369Awadhesh Kumar Verma, Nisha Shankhwar, Tanya Singh, Satyendra Singh and Neeta Raj Sharma13.1 Introduction 37013.2 3D Printing Techniques for Drug Delivery 37213.3 Applications of 3D Printing in Drug Delivery 37813.4 Materials for 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Systems 38613.5 Design Considerations for 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Devices 39313.6 Preclinical and Clinical Studies of 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Systems 39513.7 Challenges and Future Directions 39713.8 Conclusion 39914 Next-Gen Bioprinting: Transforming Medicine with PLA Biocomposites 407Maneesh Dubey, Ruchin Kacker, Sanjay Kumar Singh and Amit Arora14.1 Introduction 40814.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) in Biomedical Applications 41314.3 Biocomposites for Biomedical Applications 41714.4 Additive Manufacturing of PLA-Based Biocomposites 42114.5 Characterization of PLA-Based Biocomposites 42514.6 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 42914.7 Applications in Drug Delivery Systems 43214.8 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations 43514.9 Advances in AM Technologies for Biocomposites 43714.10 Conclusion and Summary 43915 Advances in Biological Studies of Additively Manufactured Biomaterials 449Arindam Banerjee, Debasish Banerjee and Sudipto Datta15.1 Introduction 45015.2 The Evolution of Additive Manufacturing in Biomaterials Science 45115.3 Advances in Biocompatibility and Biofunctionality 45215.4 Advances in Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering 45415.5 Development of Bioinks 45615.6 Bioinks for Vascularized Tissue Engineering 45815.7 Applications in Tissue Engineering 45915.8 Challenges and Future Directions 46815.9 Conclusion 46816 Degradation Studies of Additive Manufactured Biomedical Devices 475Subhasree Panda, Vipu Vinayak V.J., Jameer Basha S.K., Thangamani Jayaram Gounder, Mohan Kumar Kesarla and S.K. Khadheer Pasha16.1 Introduction 47616.2 A Brief Survey on AM 47716.3 Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials 47916.4 Biomedical Applications of AM-Based Biomaterials 48116.5 Degradation Studies of AM-Based Biomedical Devices 48616.6 Conclusion 49917 Challenges and Perspective Applications of Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Applications 505Santosh Kumar and Rakesh Kumar17.1 Introduction 50617.2 State-of-The-Art in AM for Biomedical Applications 51017.3 Challenges in AM for Biomedical Applications 51817.4 Future Perspectives and Emerging Trends 52017.5 Conclusion 522References 523Index 533

Arbind Prasad, PhD is an Assistant Professor and the Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, Katihar Engineering College (Under Department of Science, Technology and?Technical Education, Government of Bihar), Katihar, Bihar, India. He has published 20+ journal articles, 16 books, 48 book chapters, and 15 conference papers. His research spans resorbable polymers, biomaterials, and nanomaterials processing.Vimal Katiyar, PhD is a Professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India. He has published more than 180 articles in reputed international journals, edited six books, and holds 29 patents. His research focuses on nanocomposites and polymerization.

• Preface xxviiAcknowledgement xxixPart I: Fundamentals of Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 11 Introduction to Additive Manufacturing for Healthcare Applications 3Arbind Prasad and Ranjit Barua1.1 Introduction 41.2 History and Background 51.3 AM Technology and Method 61.4 Additive Manufacturing in Medical Applications 81.5 Recent Challenges and Future Directions of Healthcare Enabled by AM 121.6 Future Possibilities 151.7 Conclusion 162 Materials and Processing in Additive Manufacturing for Healthcare Applications 25Atanu Kumar Paul, Gourhari Chakraborty and Arbind Prasad2.1 Introduction 262.2 Materials for Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 292.3 Processing Techniques in Additive Manufacturing 312.4 Applications of Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 382.5 Key Areas of Potential Enhancement in Clinical Performance and Functionality 422.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 442.7 Key Themes in Integration of Materials and Processing 472.8 Case Studies and Applications 502.9 Conclusions 52Part II: Materials for Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare 633 Biopolymer-Based Biomaterials as Feedstock Materials for Additive Manufacturing 65Magdalena B. Labowska, Adrianna Cieslak, Maria Skrodzka, Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziolkowska, Agnieszka Adamczyk and Jerzy Detyna3.1 Introduction 663.2 Types of Biopolymers Used in Additive Manufacturing Technologies 683.3 Techniques of Additive Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications 753.4 Challenges in Using Biopolymers for Additive Manufacturing Technologies 813.5 Medical Application of Biopolymers 823.6 Future Research Directions and Perspectives 863.7 Conclusions 884 3D-Printed Biopolymeric Scaffolds and Implants 99Kinga Sekula, Maja Ducka, Grzegorz Ziolkowski, Jerzy Detyna and Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziolkowska4.1 Introduction 1004.2 Classification of Biopolymers 1024.3 Emerging Biopolymers, Hybrids, or Blends 1114.4 Biopolymers Use in 3D Printing 1124.5 Additive Manufacturing of Biopolymeric Scaffolds and Implants 1134.6 Applications of Biopolymers in Medicine 1204.7 Conclusion 1265 Additive Manufacturing of PLA-Based Biocomposites for Biomedical Applications 137Ranjit Barua, Sumit Bhowmik, Deepanjan Das and Sudipto Datta5.1 Introduction 1385.2 3D Printing Techniques for PLA 1395.3 PLA-Based Biomaterials 1415.4 Applications of PLA in Biomedical Fields 1425.5 Innovations and Future Directions 1445.6 Biodegradation and Biocompatibility of PLA 1475.7 Challenges and Limitations 1485.8 Future Directions and Innovations 1495.9 Conclusion 1496 Cellulose-Based Biomaterial in Additive Manufacturing 155Siddharth Mohan Bhasney, Rhia Madhuri, Bidyanand Mahto and Arbind Prasad6.1 Background History and Introduction 1566.2 Latest Developments 1586.3 Biopolymers and Types 1666.4 3D Printing—Suitable Properties for Biomaterials 1686.5 Cellular Techniques 1716.6 Materials and Method 1826.7 Conclusion 1917 Chitosan-Based Composites in Additive Manufacturing Process 205Vishnuvarthanan Mayakrishnan and Raja Venkatesan7.1 Introduction 2067.2 Overview of Chitosan 2077.3 Biocompatibility of Chitosan 2107.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan 2127.5 Fabrication of Chitosan-Based Composites Using Additive Manufacturing 2147.6 Incorporation of Additives and Reinforcements 2197.7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Based Composites 2227.8 Customization via Additive Manufacturing Techniques 2267.9 Potential of Chitosan-Based Composites in Biomedical Applications 2287.10 Future Research Directions and Challenges 2317.11 Conclusion 2338 Silk Fibroin-Based Composites in Additive Manufacturing Process 239Shubham Pant, Syed Fathima Missriya, Sravanthi Loganathan and Ravi Babu Valapa8.1 Introduction 2408.2 Background of SF Types for Additive Manufacturing 2418.3 Additive Manufacturing Techniques for SF 2448.4 Applications of SF in Additive Manufacturing 2488.5 Challenges and Future Prospective 2618.6 Conclusion 2629 Additively Manufactured PCL-Based Bio-Composites for Biomedical Applications 273Varatharajan Prasannavenkadesan, Syed Naveed Ul Meiraj, Ram Prasanth S. and J. Jeevamalar9.1 Introduction 2739.2 Applications in Tissue Engineering 2789.3 Applications in Medical Devices 2839.4 Dental Applications 2879.5 Summary 28710 Polylactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)-Based Composites through Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications 295Ranjit Barua, Arbind Prasad and Sudipto Datta10.1 Introduction 29610.2 Properties of PLGA for Biomedical Applications 29710.3 PLGA-Based Composite Formulations 29910.4 Additive Manufacturing Techniques for PLGA Composites 30010.5 Biomedical Applications of PLGA-Based Composites 30110.6 Challenges and Future Directions 30110.7 Future Directions 30210.8 Conclusion 30311 Alginate-Based Composites in Additive Manufacturing 309Ilangovan Pugazhenthi and Vishnu Kirthi Arivarasan11.1 Introduction 31011.2 Alginate Composites for Additive Manufacturing 31211.3 3D Printing Techniques 31711.4 Applications of Alginate-Composite-Based Bioink Uses in Tissue Engineering 32311.5 Limitations, Advantages, and Prospects of Printed Alginate-Based Materials 32711.6 Conclusion 328Part III: Applications and Future Directions 33712 3D Printing in Hard Tissue Engineering 339Ranjit Barua, Arbind Prasad, Bidyanand Mahto and Sudipto Datta12.1 Introduction 34012.2 Materials Used in 3D Printing for Hard Tissue Engineering 34212.3 3D Printing Techniques in Hard Tissue Engineering 34612.4 Design and Fabrication of Scaffolds 34912.5 Applications in Bone Tissue Engineering 35312.6 Clinical Challenges and Solutions 35612.7 Future Directions and Conclusion 36012.8 Conclusion 36213 3D Printing in Drug Delivery Applications 369Awadhesh Kumar Verma, Nisha Shankhwar, Tanya Singh, Satyendra Singh and Neeta Raj Sharma13.1 Introduction 37013.2 3D Printing Techniques for Drug Delivery 37213.3 Applications of 3D Printing in Drug Delivery 37813.4 Materials for 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Systems 38613.5 Design Considerations for 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Devices 39313.6 Preclinical and Clinical Studies of 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Systems 39513.7 Challenges and Future Directions 39713.8 Conclusion 39914 Next-Gen Bioprinting: Transforming Medicine with PLA Biocomposites 407Maneesh Dubey, Ruchin Kacker, Sanjay Kumar Singh and Amit Arora14.1 Introduction 40814.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) in Biomedical Applications 41314.3 Biocomposites for Biomedical Applications 41714.4 Additive Manufacturing of PLA-Based Biocomposites 42114.5 Characterization of PLA-Based Biocomposites 42514.6 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 42914.7 Applications in Drug Delivery Systems 43214.8 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations 43514.9 Advances in AM Technologies for Biocomposites 43714.10 Conclusion and Summary 43915 Advances in Biological Studies of Additively Manufactured Biomaterials 449Arindam Banerjee, Debasish Banerjee and Sudipto Datta15.1 Introduction 45015.2 The Evolution of Additive Manufacturing in Biomaterials Science 45115.3 Advances in Biocompatibility and Biofunctionality 45215.4 Advances in Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering 45415.5 Development of Bioinks 45615.6 Bioinks for Vascularized Tissue Engineering 45815.7 Applications in Tissue Engineering 45915.8 Challenges and Future Directions 46815.9 Conclusion 46816 Degradation Studies of Additive Manufactured Biomedical Devices 475Subhasree Panda, Vipu Vinayak V.J., Jameer Basha S.K., Thangamani Jayaram Gounder, Mohan Kumar Kesarla and S.K. Khadheer Pasha16.1 Introduction 47616.2 A Brief Survey on AM 47716.3 Additive Manufacturing of Biomaterials 47916.4 Biomedical Applications of AM-Based Biomaterials 48116.5 Degradation Studies of AM-Based Biomedical Devices 48616.6 Conclusion 49917 Challenges and Perspective Applications of Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Applications 505Santosh Kumar and Rakesh Kumar17.1 Introduction 50617.2 State-of-The-Art in AM for Biomedical Applications 51017.3 Challenges in AM for Biomedical Applications 51817.4 Future Perspectives and Emerging Trends 52017.5 Conclusion 522References 523Index 533