Biomedical Engineering Challenges

Vincenzo Piemonte is Associate Professor at University Campus Biomedico of Rome, Faculty of Engineering, Italy. His research activity is primarily focused on the study of Transport phenomena in the artificial and bioartificial organs; new biotreatment technology platform for the elimination of toxic pollutants from water and soil. Angelo Basile is Senior Researcher at the Institute on Membrane Technology of the Italian National Research Council (ITM-CNR), Rende, Italy. His research activity is primarily focused on membrane applications in several fields. Taichi Ito is Associate Professor at the University of Tokyo, School of Medicine and Engineering, Japan. His research activity is primarily focused on the study of biomimetic membranes; anti-peritoneal barrier membranes; hemostats; artificial oxygen carriers; scaffolds for tissue engineering and hydrogels for drug delivery of anti-cancer drugs. Luigi Marrelli is Full professor of Chemical Reactors and of Applied Thermodynamics at University Campus Biomedico of Rome, Faculty of Engineering, Italy. His main research activity deals with thermodynamics of fluid phase equilibria and with kinetics of chemical and biochemical reactions. Some of the results obtained have been applied in the field of artificial and bio-artificial organs.

• List of Contributors xiPreface xiii1 Introduction 1Luigi MarrelliReferences 62 Artificial Kidney: The New Challenge 9Pasquale Berloco, Simone Novelli, and Renzo Pretagostini2.1 Introduction 92.2 Kidney Transplantation Statistics 112.3 Transplantation Costs 122.4 Post-Transplant Costs 122.5 Renal Replacement Devices 132.6 Implantable Artificial Kidney: Prototype Developments 162.7 Kidney Tissue Engineering 172.8 Next Steps 202.9 Conclusion 21List of Acronyms 22References 233 Current Status and New Challenges of the Artificial Liver 27Hiroshi Mizumoto, Nana Shirakigawa, and Hiroyuki Ijima3.1 Introduction 273.2 Non-Biological Artificial Liver 283.2.1 Classification and Clinical Study 293.2.2 PE and HDF 293.2.2.1 High-Volume Therapeutic PE 293.2.2.2 High-Flow Dialysate Continuous HDF 293.2.2.3 PE with Online HDF 303.2.3 Blood Purification with Albumin Dialysis 303.2.3.1 Single-Pass Albumin Dialysis 303.2.3.2 Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System 313.2.3.3 Fractionated Plasma Separation and Adsorption (Prometheus™) 323.2.3.4 Hepa Wash 323.2.4 Selective Plasma Filtration Therapy 323.2.4.1 Biologic-Detoxifilter/Plasma Filter 323.2.4.2 Selective Plasma-Exchange Therapy 323.2.4.3 Plasma Filtration with Dialysis 333.2.5 Clinical Observations of Various Combinations 333.3 Bioartificial Liver 353.3.1 Bioartificial Liver Support System 353.3.2 Cell Source for BAL 373.4 New Stream for Artificial Liver 403.4.1 Tissue Engineering for Liver Construction 403.4.2 Whole Organ Engineering for the Transplantable Artificial Liver 413.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 43List of Acronyms 44References 454 A Chemical Engineering Perspective on Blood Oxygenators 55Luisa Di Paola4.1 Introduction 554.2 A Historical Note 574.3 Chemical Engineering Principles in Blood Oxygenators 604.4 Chemical Engineering Process Analogues of ECMO Systems 654.5 New Challenges 674.6 Conclusion 69List of Symbols 69References 695 Model Predictive Control for the Artificial Pancreas 75M. Capocelli, L. De Santis, A. Maurizi, P. Pozzilli, and Vincenzo Piemonte5.1 Introduction 755.2 Phenomenological Models 785.2.1 Background and Two-Compartmental Models 785.2.2 Three-Compartment Models 795.3 Black-Block Approach 855.4 Conclusions 90Nomenclature 91References 926 Multiscale Synthetic Biology: From Molecules to Ecosystems 97Luisa Di Paola and Alessandro Giuliani6.1 Introduction: An Historical-Epistemological Perspective 976.2 Applications 996.2.1 Protein Synthetic Biology 996.2.2 Tissue Engineering and Artificial Organs 1086.2.3 Biotechnology and Ecology Applications 1096.3 Conclusions 111List of Symbols 112References 1127 Chemical Reaction Engineering Methodologies for Biomedical Imaging Analysis 119Masahiro Kawahara7.1 Introduction 1197.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1197.2.1 1H-MRI 1207.2.2 19F-MRI 1217.2.3 MRI using Magnetization Transfer 1227.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) 1237.3.1 PET 1237.3.2 SPECT 1257.4 Fluorescence Imaging 1267.4.1 Fluorescent Proteins 1267.4.2 Small Organic Fluorophores 1287.5 Conclusion 131List of Abbreviations 131References 1328 Noninvasive and Label-Free Characterization of Cells for Tissue Engineering Purposes 145Shunsuke Tomita8.1 Introduction 1458.2 Multivariate Analyses 1468.2.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 1478.2.2 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) 1488.2.3 Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) 1488.2.4 Other Multivariate Analyses 1498.3 Vibrational Spectroscopic Features 1498.3.1 Cell Characterization Based on Whole-Cell Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy 1518.3.2 Cell Characterization Based on Subcellular Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy 1538.3.3 Raman-Based Cell Characterization Toward Biomedical Applications 1578.4 Morphological Features 1608.4.1 Cell Characterization Based on Unstained Microscopic Images of Single Cells 1608.4.2 Cell Characterization Based on Unstained Microscopic Images of Cell Populations 1628.5 Secreted Molecule Features 1658.5.1 Cell Characterization Based on Response Signatures 1658.6 Conclusion and Outlook 167List of Acronyms 168References 1689 TMS-EEG: Methods and Challenges in the Analysis of Brain Connectivity 175Elisa Kallioniemi, Mervi Könönen, and Sara Määttä9.1 Introduction 1759.1.1 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 1759.1.2 Electroencephalography 1769.1.3 Combined TMS and Electroencephalography 1789.1.4 Data Acquisition 1789.1.5 Artifacts and Their Prevention 1809.2 Signal Processing Methods 1819.2.1 Preprocessing 1819.2.2 Connectivity Analysis Methods in TMS-EEG 1829.2.3 Time Domain Methods 1839.2.4 Frequency Domain Methods 1839.3 TMS-EEG Applications in Studies of Connectivity 1849.3.1 General Aspects 1849.3.2 TMS-Evoked Potentials (TEPs) 1859.3.3 TMS-Induced Oscillations 1869.3.4 Clinical Perspectives 1879.3.4.1 Alzheimer’s Disease 1879.3.4.2 Schizophrenia 1889.3.4.3 Disorders of Consciousness 1899.4 Conclusions and Future Trends 189List of Acronyms 190References 19010 Thermal Treatments of Tumors: Principles and Methods 199P. Saccomandi, E. Schena, M. Diana, J. Marescaux, and G. Costamagna10.1 Introduction 19910.2 Effects of Temperature on Living Tissue 19910.2.1 Hyperthermal Tissue Destruction 20010.2.2 Cold Temperature for Tissue Destruction 20210.3 Physical Principles of Thermal Treatments 20310.3.1 Hyperthermal Treatments 20310.3.1.1 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation 20310.3.1.2 Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) 20410.3.1.3 Microwave Ablation (MWA) 20510.3.1.4 Laser Ablation (LA) 20610.3.2 Cryoablation 20710.4 Mathematical Modeling of Thermal Therapies 20910.5 Temperature Monitoring During Thermal Treatments 21110.5.1 Invasive (Contact) Thermometric Techniques 21210.5.2 Non-Invasive (Contactless) Thermometric Techniques 21510.6 Conclusions 218List of Acronyms 219List of Symbols 219References 220Index 229