R.NAVANIETHA KRISHNARAJ, PHD, is a Research Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. RAJESH K. SANI, PHD, is a Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, South Dakota.

• List of Contributors xxiPreface xxix1 Electrochemical Performance Analyses of Biofilms 1J. Jayapriya and V. Ramamurthy1.1 Introduction 11.2 Electrochemical Principles 11.3 Cyclic Voltammetry 21.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 71.5 Electrochemical Noise (ECN) Technique 141.6 Conclusion 17Acknowledgments 17References 17Further Reading 19Take‐home Message 19Test Yourself 192 Direct Electron Transfer in Redox Enzymes and Microorganisms 21Sheela Berchmans and T. Balamurugan2.1 Introduction 212.2 Wiring Enzymes to the Electrode Surface 222.3 Wiring Microorganisms to the Electrode Surface 26References 30Take‐home Message 34Test Yourself 343 Electrochemical Techniques and Applications to Characterize Single‐ and Multicellular Electric Microbial Functions 37Junki Saito, Muralidharan Murugan, Xiao Deng, Alexis Guionet, Waheed Miran, and Akihiro Okamoto3.1 Introduction to Microbial Electrochemical Functions and Processes 373.2 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Single‐cell Processes 383.3 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Biofilm Processes 433.4 Techniques to Analyze Nanowires 45References 48Take‐home Message 52Test Yourself 524 Electrochemical Analysis of Single Cells 55Maedeh Mozneb, Christine Smothers, Pablo Rodriguez, and Chen‐Zhong Li4.1 Introduction 554.2 Single‐cell Analysis Applications and Current Technologies 564.3 Electrochemical Methods for Single‐cell Analysis 574.4 Microelectrodes for Single‐cell Analysis 624.5 Electroluminescence‐based Single‐cell Measurements 694.6 Lab‐on‐chip‐based Single‐cell Analysis 704.7 Conclusion 71References 71Take‐home Message 75Test Yourself 765 Biocorrosion 77C. Chandrasatheesh and J. Jayapriya5.1 Introduction 775.2 Microorganisms Involved in Corrosion 785.3 Mechanisms 805.4 Biocorrosion Control Strategies 825.5 Materials Vulnerable to Biocorrosion 835.6 Biocorrosion of Biomedical Implants 845.7 Biocorrosion Detection Techniques 855.8 Conclusion 86Acknowledgements 86References 86Further Reading 89Take‐home Message 89Test Yourself 906 Microbial Fuel Cells: A Sustainable Technology for Pollutant Removal and Power Generation 91Somdipta Bagchi and Manaswini Behera6.1 Introduction 916.2 Microbial Fuel Cells 926.3 Measuring Performance 946.4 MFC Configuration 986.5 Materials 1006.6 Limitations in MFCs 1046.7 Other MFC‐based Technologies 1066.8 Pilot‐scale MFCs 107References 108Take‐home Message 115Test Yourself 1157 Biophotovoltaics: Molecular Mechanisms and Applications 117Angelaalincy Maria Joseph, Sangeetha Ramalingam, Pushpalatha Selvaraj, Komal Rani, Kalpana Ramaraju, Gunaseelan Sathaiah, Ashokkumar Balasubramaniem, and Varalakshmi Perumal7.1 Introduction 1177.2 Photocurrent Generation with Biological Catalysts 1187.3 Photosynthetic Microbes as Photobioelectrocatalysts in BESs 1197.4 Biocatalysts of Photosynthetic Organisms 1197.5 Electron Transfer in Microalgae During Photosynthesis (Light Reaction) 1207.6 Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria 1247.7 Electron Transfer Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria 1287.8 Models of Solar Energy Conversion Devices 1297.9 Applications and Future Perspectives 1317.10 Conclusion 132References 132Take‐home Message 135Test Yourself 1358 An Insight into Plant Microbial Fuel Cells 137Pranab Jyoti Sarma and Kaustubha Mohanty8.1 Introduction 1378.2 Different Types of Plants and Their Bioelectricity Generation Capabilities 1388.3 Bioprocess Structure 1398.4 Variation in PMFC Types, Operating Conditions, Design, Electrodes, and Membranes Used 1418.5 PMFCs as New Electricity Generation Technology 1428.6 Challenges of PMFCs 1448.7 Conclusion 144References 144Take‐home Message 146Test Yourself 1479 Electroanalytical Techniques for Investigating Biofilms in Microbial Fuel Cells 149Smita S. Kumar, Vivek Kumar, and Suddhasatwa Basu9.1 Introduction 1499.2 Conventional Biofilm Investigation Techniques 1519.3 Electroanalytical Techniques 1519.4 Electrode Polarization 1549.5 Voltammetry (LSV) 1559.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 1599.7 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (e‐QCM) 1599.8 Conclusion 160Acknowledgments 160References 160Take‐home Message 162Test Yourself 16210 Progress in Development of Electrode Materials in Microbial Fuel Cells 165Alka Pareek and S. Venkata Mohan10.1 Introduction 16510.2 Electrode Materials in MFCs 16610.3 Effect of Surface Treatment on Electrodes 17610.4 Conclusion 177Acknowledgments 177References 178Take‐home Message 185Test Yourself 18511 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve Electron Transfer Rate at the Microbe–Anode Interface in Microbial Fuel Cells 187Tian Zhang, Dipankar Ghosh, and Pier‐Luc Tremblay11.1 Introduction 18711.2 Extracellular Electron Transfer (EET) Mechanisms from the Microbe to the Anode 18811.3 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve the EET Rate from Microbes to Anode 19311.4 Synthetic Biology to Optimize Current Generation by Yeast 19911.5 Conclusion 200References 200Take‐home Message 207Test Yourself 20812 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs): A Promising and Green Approach for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production from Waste Resources 209Abudukeremu Kadier, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Pankaj Kumar Rai, Smita S. Kumar, Peyman Abdeshahian, Periyasamy Sivagurunathan, Hassimi Abu Hasan, Aidil Abdul Hamid, and Azah Mohamed12.1 Introduction 20912.2 Fundamentals of MEC Technology 21012.3 Crucial Factors Governing the Performance of MECs 21212.4 Current Applications of MECs 21912.5 Conclusion 224Acknowledgments 224References 224Take‐home Message 234Test Yourself 23413 Microbial Desalination Cells 235Swati Sharma, Ademola Hammed, and Halis Simsek13.1 Introduction 23513.2 Overview of Desalination Cells 23613.3 MDC Applications and Concepts 23713.4 Desalination in MDCs 23913.5 Different Configurations of MDCs 23913.6 Conclusion 246References 246Take‐home Message 248Test Yourself 24814 Microbially Charged Redox Flow Batteries for Bioenergy Storage 251Márcia S.S. Santos, Luciana Peixoto, Célia Dias‐Ferreira, Adélio Mendes, and M. Madalena Alves14.1 Introduction 25114.2 Redox Flow Batteries 25114.3 Organic Compounds for RFBs 25614.4 Coupling RFBs with Renewable Energy Production Technologies 25914.5 Future Perspectives 26114.6 Conclusion 262Acknowledgments 262References 262Take‐home Message 268Test Yourself 26915 Artificial Photosynthesis: Current Advances and Challenges 271Joanna Kargul and Małgorzata Kiliszek15.1 Introduction 27115.2 Basic Principles of Natural Photosynthesis 27215.3 Artificial Photosynthetic Systems 27715.4 Strategies for Improvement of Photoelectrode Performance 28715.5 Operational Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells and Solar‐to‐Fuel Devices 28915.6 Conclusion 291Acknowledgments 292References 292Take‐home Message 308Abbreviations 308Test Yourself 30916 Bioelectrochemical Systems for Production of Valuable Compounds 311Luciana Peixoto, Sónia G. Barbosa, M. Madalena Alves, and Maria Alcina Pereira16.1 Introduction 31116.2 From Electricity to Product 31316.3 Conclusion 318Acknowledgments 318References 318Take‐home Message 323Test Yourself 32317 Modernization of Biosensing Strategies for the Development of Lab‐on‐Chip Integrated Systems 325Sharmili Roy, Shweta J. Malode, Nagaraj P. Shetti, and Pranjal Chandra17.1 Introduction 32517.2 Types of Biosensors 32617.3 Lab‐on‐Chip Technologies 33417.4 Conclusion 336Acknowledgment 336References 336Take‐home Message 341Test Yourself 34118 Electrochemical Immunosensors: Working Principle, Types, Scope, Applications, and Future Prospects 343Shakila Harshavardhan, Sam Ebenezer Rajadas, Kevin Kumar Vijayakumar, Willsingh Anbu Durai, Andy Ramu, and Rajan Mariappan18.1 Introduction 34318.2 Immunosensors in Protein Immunoassays 34518.3 Types of Immunosensors 34618.4 Impedimetric Immunosensors 34818.5 Potentiometric Immunosensors 35218.6 Voltammetric and Amperometric Immunosensors 35318.7 Conductometric Immunosensors 35518.8 Capacitive Immunosensors 35618.9 Role of Nanomaterials in Immunosensors 35718.10 Applications of Immunosensors 35818.11 Conclusion 360References 361Take‐home Message 368Test Yourself 36819 Recent Updates on Inkjet‐Printed Sensors 371Naresh Kumar Mani, Anusha Prabhu, and Annamalai Senthil Kumar19.1 Introduction 37119.2 Inkjet‐Printed Electrochemical‐Based Sensors 37219.3 Inkjet‐Printed Colorimetric‐based Sensors 37719.4 Inkjet‐Printed Fluorescence‐based Sensors 37819.5 Other Techniques and Developed Devices 37919.6 Summary and Future Perspectives 381Acknowledgments 381References 381Take‐home Message 384Test Yourself 38420 Electrochemical Systems for Healthcare Applications 385Pandiaraj Manickam, Vairamani Kanagavel, Apurva Sonawane, S.P. Thipperudraswamy, and Shekhar Bhansali20.1 Introduction 38520.2 Point‐of‐care Sensor Systems 38620.3 Wearable Electrochemical Systems 39320.4 Implantable Electrochemical Nanodevices 40120.5 Conclusion 405Acknowledgments 405References 405Take‐home Message 409Test Yourself 40921 Synthetic Strategies of Nanobioconjugates for Bioelectrochemical Applications 411T. Selvamani, D. Gangadharan, and Sambandam Anandan21.1 Introduction 41121.2 Fabrication Processes of Nanobioconjugated Systems 41221.3 Applications of Nanobioconjugates 42321.4 Conclusion 426References 426Take‐home Message 429Test Yourself 42922 Electrochemical Biosensors with Nanointerface for Food, Water Quality, and Healthcare Applications 431John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan, Noel Nesakumar, Lakshmishri Ramachandra Bhat, Manju Bhargavi Gumpu, K. Jayanth Babu, and Arockia Jayalatha JBB22.1 Introduction 43122.2 Enzymatic Redox‐type Biosensors 44022.3 Water 44622.4 Enzymatic Inhibition–type Biosensors 45222.5 Water Quality 45522.6 Conclusion 456Acknowledgments 457References 457Take‐home Message 466Test Yourself 46723 Enzymatic Electrode–Electrolyte Interface Study During Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules 469Ashish Kumar, Priya Singh, and Rajiv Prakash23.1 Introduction 46923.2 Conducting Substrates for Sensing Applications 47023.3 Sensing Techniques 47223.4 Electrochemical Techniques for Sensing Analytes 47223.5 Different Modified Electrodes for Enzyme Functionalization 47423.6 A Plausible Mechanism of Electron Transfer: An Electrochemical Equivalent Circuit Analysis 47423.7 Enzyme‐less Glucose Oxidation: Off Course for a New Generation? 47623.8 Conclusion 477References 477Take‐home Message 483Test Yourself 48324 Quantum Dots for Bioelectrochemical Applications 485İlker Polatoğlu, Erdal Eroğlu, and Levent Aydın24.1 Introduction 48524.2 Nanotechnology 48524.3 Structure of QDs 48624.4 Characteristics of QDs 48724.5 Synthesis Processes 48824.6 Electrochemical Sensing of QDs 48924.7 Biosensor Technology 49024.8 Bioelectrochemical Applications of QDs 49124.9 QDs: Modeling and Optimizations 49424.10 Conclusion 498References 498Take‐home Message 502Test Yourself 50225 Enzymatic Self‐powered Biosensing Devices 505Felismina T.C. Moreira, Manuela F. Frasco, Sónia G. Barbosa, Luciana Peixoto, M. Madalena Alves, and M. Goreti F. Sales25.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cells 50525.2 Electron Transfer Mechanisms 50525.3 Enzyme Immobilization 50725.4 EFC‐based Biosensors 50925.5 Conclusion 514Acknowledgments 515References 515Take‐home Message 519Test Yourself 519Index 521

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