Biochemistry

Donald Voet received a Ph.D. in chemistry from Harvard University and did postdoctoral research in the Biology Department at MIT. Don took up a faculty position in the department of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania, upon completing his postdoctoral work. He has been a visiting scholar at Oxford University, the University of California San Diego, and the Weismann Institute of Science in Israel. Judith Voet received her Ph.D. from Brandeis University and did postdoctoral research at the University of Pennsylvania, Haverford College and the Fox Chase Cancer Center. She taught at the University of Delaware before moving to Swarthmore College. Together with Don Voet, she is Co-Editor-in-Chief of the journal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education.

• Guide to Media Resources xviPart I Introduction and Background 1Chapter 1 Life 31. Prokaryotes 32. Eukaryotes 63. Biochemistry: A Prologue 144. Genetics: A Review 195. The Origin of Life 286. The Biochemical Literature 34Chapter 2 Aqueous Solutions 401. Properties of Water 402. Acids, Bases, and Buffers 45Chapter 3 Thermodynamic Principles: A Review 521. First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy Is Conserved 522. Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Universe Tends Toward Maximum Disorder 543. Free Energy: The Indicator of Spontaneity 574. Chemical Equilibria 58Appendix: Concentration Dependence of Free Energy 61Part II Biomolecules 65Chapter 4 Amino Acids 671. The Amino Acids of Proteins 672. Optical Activity 733. “Nonstandard” Amino Acids 78Chapter 5 Nucleic Acids, Gene Expression, and Recombinant DNA Technology 821. Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 822. DNA Is the Carrier of Genetic Information 853. Double Helical DNA 884. Gene Expression and Replication: An Overview 955. Molecular Cloning 104Chapter 6 Techniques of Protein and Nucleic Acid Purifications 1291. Protein Isolation 1292. Solubilities of Proteins 1333. Chromatographic Separations 1354. Electrophoresis 1465. Ultracentrifugation 1526. Nucleic Acid Fractionation 156Chapter 7 Covalent Structures of Proteins and Nucleic Acids 1631. Primary Structure Determination of Proteins 1642. Nucleic Acid Sequencing 1763. Chemical Evolution 1854. Bioinformatics: An Introduction 1945. Chemical Synthesis of Polypeptides 2056. Chemical Synthesis of Oligonucleotides 209Chapter 8 Three-Dimensional Structures of Proteins 2211. Secondary Structure 2212. Fibrous Proteins 2323. Globular Proteins 2414. Protein Stability 2595. Quaternary Structure 266Appendix: Viewing Stereo Pictures 271Chapter 9 Protein Folding, Dynamics, and Structural Evolution 2781. Protein Folding: Theory and Experiment 2782. Folding Accessory Proteins 2903. Protein Structure Prediction and Design 3024. Protein Dynamics 3065. Conformational Diseases: Amyloids and Prions 3096. Structural Evolution 316Chapter 10 Hemoglobin: Protein Function in Microcosm 3231. Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Function 3232. Structure and Mechanism 3313. Abnormal Hemoglobins 3414. Allosteric Regulation 347APPENDIX: Derivation of Symmetry Model Equations 354Chapter 11 Sugars and Polysaccharides 3591. Monosaccharides 3592. Polysaccharides 3653. Glycoproteins 373Chapter 12 Lipids and Membranes 3861. Lipid Classification 3862. Properties of Lipid Aggregates 3933. Biological Membranes 3994. Membrane Assembly and Protein Targeting 4185. Lipoproteins 449Part III Mechanisms of Enzyme Action 467Chapter 13 Introduction to Enzymes 4691. Historical Perspective 4692. Substrate Specificity 4703. Coenzymes 4734. Regulation of Enzymatic Activity 4745. A Primer of Enzyme Nomenclature 479Chapter 14 Rates of Enzymatic Reactions 4821. Chemical Kinetics 4822. Enzyme Kinetics 4873. Inhibition 4924. Effects of pH 4965. Bisubstrate Reactions 497Appendix: Derivations of Michaelis–Menten Equation Variants 501Chapter 15 Enzymatic Catalysis 5061. Catalytic Mechanisms 5062. Lysozyme 5173. Serine Proteases 5254. Drug Design 539Part IV Metabolism 557Chapter 16 Introduction to Metabolism 5591. Metabolic Pathways 5592. Organic Reaction Mechanisms 5623. Experimental Approaches to the Study of Metabolism 5694. Thermodynamics of Phosphate Compounds 5785. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 5836. Thermodynamics of Life 586Chapter 17 Glycolysis 5931. The Glycolytic Pathway 5932. The Reactions of Glycolysis 5953. Fermentation: The Anaerobic Fate of Pyruvate 6144. Metabolic Regulation and Control 6195. Metabolism of Hexoses Other than Glucose 630Chapter 18 Glycogen Metabolism 6381. Glycogen Breakdown 6382. Glycogen Synthesis 6443. Control of Glycogen Metabolism 6474. Glycogen Storage Diseases 666Chapter 19 Signal Transduction 6711. Hormones 6712. Heterotrimeric G Proteins 6883. Tyrosine Kinase–Based Signaling 6994. The Phosphoinositide Cascade 725Chapter 20 Transport through Membranes 7441. Thermodynamics of Transport 7442. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Transport 7453. ATP-Driven Active Transport 7584. Ion Gradient–Driven Active Transport 7685. Neurotransmission 771Chapter 21 Citric Acid Cycle 7891. Cycle Overview 7892. Metabolic Sources of Acetyl-Coenzyme A 7923. Enzymes of the Citric Acid Cycle 8064. Regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle 8155. The Amphibolic Nature of the Citric Acid Cycle 817Chapter 22 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 8231. The Mitochondrion 8232. Electron Transport 8283. Oxidative Phosphorylation 8454. Control of ATP Production 862Chapter 23 Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism 8711. Gluconeogenesis 8712. The Glyoxylate Cycle 8803. Biosynthesis of Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins 8804. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 892Chapter 24 Photosynthesis 9011. Chloroplasts 9012. Light Reactions 9033. Dark Reactions 926Chapter 25 Lipid Metabolism 9401. Lipid Digestion, Absorption, and Transport 9402. Fatty Acid Oxidation 9453. Ketone Bodies 9594. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis 9615. Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism 9736. Cholesterol Metabolism 9757. Eicosanoid Metabolism: Prostaglandins, Prostacyclins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes, and Lipoxins 9938. Phospholipid and Glycolipid Metabolism 1004Chapter 26 Amino Acid Metabolism 10191. Amino Acid Deamination 10192. The Urea Cycle 10253. Metabolic Breakdown of Individual Amino Acids 10294. Amino Acids as Biosynthetic Precursors 10475. Amino Acid Biosynthesis 10646. Nitrogen Fixation 1078Chapter 27 Energy Metabolism: Integration and Organ Specialization 10881. Major Pathways and Strategies of Energy Metabolism: A Summary 10882. Organ Specialization 10903. Metabolic Homeostasis: Regulation of Appetite, Energy Expenditure, and Body Weight 10954. Metabolic Adaptation 1101Chapter 28 Nucleotide Metabolism 11071. Synthesis of Purine Ribonucleotides 11072. Synthesis of Pyrimidine Ribonucleotides 11143. Formation of Deoxyribonucleotides 11194. Nucleotide Degradation 11305. Biosynthesis of Nucleotide Coenzymes 1136Part V Expression and Transmission of Genetic Information 1143Chapter 29 Nucleic Acid Structures 11451. Double Helical Structures 11452. Forces Stabilizing Nucleic Acid Structures 11513. Supercoiled DNA 1158Chapter 30 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 11731. DNA Replication: An Overview 11732. Enzymes of Replication 11763. Prokaryotic Replication 11904. Eukaryotic Replication 12015. Repair of DNA 12136. Recombination and Mobile Genetic Elements 12257. DNA Methylation and Trinucleotide Repeat Expansions 1246Chapter 31 Transcription 12601. The Role of RNA in Protein Synthesis 12602. RNA Polymerase 12653. Control of Transcription in Prokaryotes 12834. Post-Transcriptional Processing 1301Chapter 32 Translation 13381. The Genetic Code 13382. Transfer RNA and Its Aminoacylation 13453. Ribosomes 13624. Control of Eukaryotic Translation 13985. Post-Translational Modification 14036. Protein Degradation 1408*Chapter 33 Viruses: Paradigms for Cellular Function W-11. Tobacco Mosaic Virus W-32. Icosahedral Viruses W-83. Bacteriophage W-204. Influenza Virus W-40*Chapter 34 Eukaryotic Gene Expression1. Chromosome Structure W-532. Genomic Organization W-683. Control of Expression W-834. Cell Differentiation W-121*Chapter 35 Molecular Physiology1. Blood Clotting W-1652. Immunity W-1793. Motility: Muscles, Vesicle Transport, Cilia, and Flagella W-211Index I-1 and WI-1*Chapters 33, 34, and 35 are available on our book companion website, www.wiley.com/college/voet.