Shoba Sivaprasad Wadhia is the Samuel Weiss Faculty Scholar and Founding Director of the Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic at Penn State Law in University Park, Pennsylvania, and author of Beyond Deportation.Leon Wildes is founder and senior partner of the New York based immigration law firm, Wildes & Weinberg P.C. He served as the National President of the American Immigration Lawyers Association in 1970.

• Contents Foreword ix Leon Wildes Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1. Primer: Understanding How Prosecutorial Discretion Functions in the Immigration System 7 2. The Early Years: The Deportation Case of John Lennon and Evolution of Immigration Prosecutorial Discretion 14 3. Lessons from Criminal Law: How Immigration Prosecutorial Discretion Compares to the Criminal System 33 4. Deferred Action: Examining the Jewel (or a Precious Form) of Prosecutorial Discretion 54 5. Presidential Portrait: Prosecutorial Discretion during the Obama Administration 88 6. Going to Court: The Role of the Judiciary in Prosecutorial Discretion Decisions 109 7. Open Government: Transparency in Prosecutorial Discretion and Why It Matters 134 8. Reform: Improving Prosecutorial Discretion in the Immigration System 146 Abbreviations 157 Authorities 161 Notes 169 Index 223 About the Author 233

"This timely review of immigration prosecutorial discretion will be very valuable to those interested in immigration law. Wadhia gives a detailed description of the different forms such discretion can take, with a particular emphasis on deferred action, including President Obamas Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA).The book is an essential resource for researchers wishing to study deferred action prior to and immediately after the introduction of DACA. Summing Up: Highly recommended." (Choice) "The book examines how prosecutorial discretion interacts with the resource constraints of government agencies alongside immigrants humanitarian circumstances. It expands understandings of how 'deferred action,' a significant form of prosecutorial discretions, is employed by non-citizens as a protective tool from deportation." (International Migration Review) "Beyond Deportation is a compelling and thoughtful account of the history of the use of prosecutorial discretion in US immigration law and policy, and how that history continues to shape todays immigration programs." - Margaret D. Stock,author of Immigration Law and the Military "In Beyond Deportation, Wadhia has managed to combine meticulous research, scholarly rigor, easy readability, and an intense human compassion in highlighting one of the most volatile issues of our time. With amazing ease, she takes on immigration, the rule of law, and the role of executive branch discretion in tempering our harsh deportation laws with humanitarian restraint and a common sense stewardship of our limited enforcement resources. For immigrants and their families, and for all who care about law and justice, this is a powerful and compelling story, eloquently told." - Stephen Legomsky,John S. Lehmann University Professor, Washington University in St. Louis "When there are more than 11 million people eligible for deportation, something is seriously wrong with our immigration system and our enforcement system, but Congress has so far refused to legislate and advance immigration reform. This inaction forces enforcement agencies to prioritize and make choices about who they will deport first and whose deportation they will defer so that we can focus on removing those who pose a risk to our public safety. This book makes an important contribution to our understanding of this basic truth in American law and immigration policy. The fact that this issue is at the center of the debate over immigration reform right now because the House of Representatives refuses to reform the current system, makes this work timely and incredibly helpful for scholars, students, policymakers, and leaders." - Luis V. Gutiérrez,U.S. House of Representatives "WithBeyond Deportation, Wadhia has simultaneously created a short, accessible, and comprehensive primer on prosecutorial discretion in immigration while raising profound questions on the usage and evolution of this tool into one that is more transparent, humanitarian, and just." (Border Criminologies) ""The definitive word on the all-important tool of prosecutorial discretion in immigration enforcement. Wadhia traces the fascinating history of the exercise of such discretion under U.S. immigration law, which includes careful study of the famous case of John Lennon and Yoko Ono through to the use of such discretion in President Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Rather than simply describing the history, Beyond Deportationoffers concrete recommendations about prosecutorial discretion in immigration enforcement, including greater transparency in decisionmaking and rules that limit government attorneys in the exercise of discretion. Wadhia has written an important analysis of the most significant positive immigration development of the Obama administration." - Kevin R. Johnson,University of California, Davis

Shoba Sivaprasad Wadhia is the Samuel Weiss Faculty Scholar and Founding Director of the Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic at Penn State Law in University Park, Pennsylvania, and author of Beyond Deportation.Leon Wildes is founder and senior partner of the New York based immigration law firm, Wildes & Weinberg P.C. He served as the National President of the American Immigration Lawyers Association in 1970.

• Contents Foreword ix Leon Wildes Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1. Primer: Understanding How Prosecutorial Discretion Functions in the Immigration System 7 2. The Early Years: The Deportation Case of John Lennon and Evolution of Immigration Prosecutorial Discretion 14 3. Lessons from Criminal Law: How Immigration Prosecutorial Discretion Compares to the Criminal System 33 4. Deferred Action: Examining the Jewel (or a Precious Form) of Prosecutorial Discretion 54 5. Presidential Portrait: Prosecutorial Discretion during the Obama Administration 88 6. Going to Court: The Role of the Judiciary in Prosecutorial Discretion Decisions 109 7. Open Government: Transparency in Prosecutorial Discretion and Why It Matters 134 8. Reform: Improving Prosecutorial Discretion in the Immigration System 146 Abbreviations 157 Authorities 161 Notes 169 Index 223 About the Author 233

"This timely review of immigration prosecutorial discretion will be very valuable to those interested in immigration law. Wadhia gives a detailed description of the different forms such discretion can take, with a particular emphasis on deferred action, including President Obamas Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA).The book is an essential resource for researchers wishing to study deferred action prior to and immediately after the introduction of DACA. Summing Up: Highly recommended." (Choice) "The book examines how prosecutorial discretion interacts with the resource constraints of government agencies alongside immigrants humanitarian circumstances. It expands understandings of how 'deferred action,' a significant form of prosecutorial discretions, is employed by non-citizens as a protective tool from deportation." (International Migration Review) "Beyond Deportation is a compelling and thoughtful account of the history of the use of prosecutorial discretion in US immigration law and policy, and how that history continues to shape todays immigration programs." - Margaret D. Stock,author of Immigration Law and the Military "In Beyond Deportation, Wadhia has managed to combine meticulous research, scholarly rigor, easy readability, and an intense human compassion in highlighting one of the most volatile issues of our time. With amazing ease, she takes on immigration, the rule of law, and the role of executive branch discretion in tempering our harsh deportation laws with humanitarian restraint and a common sense stewardship of our limited enforcement resources. For immigrants and their families, and for all who care about law and justice, this is a powerful and compelling story, eloquently told." - Stephen Legomsky,John S. Lehmann University Professor, Washington University in St. Louis "When there are more than 11 million people eligible for deportation, something is seriously wrong with our immigration system and our enforcement system, but Congress has so far refused to legislate and advance immigration reform. This inaction forces enforcement agencies to prioritize and make choices about who they will deport first and whose deportation they will defer so that we can focus on removing those who pose a risk to our public safety. This book makes an important contribution to our understanding of this basic truth in American law and immigration policy. The fact that this issue is at the center of the debate over immigration reform right now because the House of Representatives refuses to reform the current system, makes this work timely and incredibly helpful for scholars, students, policymakers, and leaders." - Luis V. Gutiérrez,U.S. House of Representatives "WithBeyond Deportation, Wadhia has simultaneously created a short, accessible, and comprehensive primer on prosecutorial discretion in immigration while raising profound questions on the usage and evolution of this tool into one that is more transparent, humanitarian, and just." (Border Criminologies) ""The definitive word on the all-important tool of prosecutorial discretion in immigration enforcement. Wadhia traces the fascinating history of the exercise of such discretion under U.S. immigration law, which includes careful study of the famous case of John Lennon and Yoko Ono through to the use of such discretion in President Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Rather than simply describing the history, Beyond Deportationoffers concrete recommendations about prosecutorial discretion in immigration enforcement, including greater transparency in decisionmaking and rules that limit government attorneys in the exercise of discretion. Wadhia has written an important analysis of the most significant positive immigration development of the Obama administration." - Kevin R. Johnson,University of California, Davis

Shoba Sivaprasad Wadhia is the Samuel Weiss Faculty Scholar and Founding Director of the Center for Immigrants' Rights Clinic at Penn State Law in University Park, Pennsylvania, and author of Beyond Deportation.Leon Wildes is founder and senior partner of the New York based immigration law firm, Wildes & Weinberg P.C. He served as the National President of the American Immigration Lawyers Association in 1970.

• Contents Foreword ix Leon Wildes Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1. Primer: Understanding How Prosecutorial Discretion Functions in the Immigration System 7 2. The Early Years: The Deportation Case of John Lennon and Evolution of Immigration Prosecutorial Discretion 14 3. Lessons from Criminal Law: How Immigration Prosecutorial Discretion Compares to the Criminal System 33 4. Deferred Action: Examining the Jewel (or a Precious Form) of Prosecutorial Discretion 54 5. Presidential Portrait: Prosecutorial Discretion during the Obama Administration 88 6. Going to Court: The Role of the Judiciary in Prosecutorial Discretion Decisions 109 7. Open Government: Transparency in Prosecutorial Discretion and Why It Matters 134 8. Reform: Improving Prosecutorial Discretion in the Immigration System 146 Abbreviations 157 Authorities 161 Notes 169 Index 223 About the Author 233

"This timely review of immigration prosecutorial discretion will be very valuable to those interested in immigration law. Wadhia gives a detailed description of the different forms such discretion can take, with a particular emphasis on deferred action, including President Obamas Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA).The book is an essential resource for researchers wishing to study deferred action prior to and immediately after the introduction of DACA. Summing Up: Highly recommended." (Choice) "The book examines how prosecutorial discretion interacts with the resource constraints of government agencies alongside immigrants humanitarian circumstances. It expands understandings of how 'deferred action,' a significant form of prosecutorial discretions, is employed by non-citizens as a protective tool from deportation." (International Migration Review) "Beyond Deportation is a compelling and thoughtful account of the history of the use of prosecutorial discretion in US immigration law and policy, and how that history continues to shape todays immigration programs." - Margaret D. Stock,author of Immigration Law and the Military "In Beyond Deportation, Wadhia has managed to combine meticulous research, scholarly rigor, easy readability, and an intense human compassion in highlighting one of the most volatile issues of our time. With amazing ease, she takes on immigration, the rule of law, and the role of executive branch discretion in tempering our harsh deportation laws with humanitarian restraint and a common sense stewardship of our limited enforcement resources. For immigrants and their families, and for all who care about law and justice, this is a powerful and compelling story, eloquently told." - Stephen Legomsky,John S. Lehmann University Professor, Washington University in St. Louis "When there are more than 11 million people eligible for deportation, something is seriously wrong with our immigration system and our enforcement system, but Congress has so far refused to legislate and advance immigration reform. This inaction forces enforcement agencies to prioritize and make choices about who they will deport first and whose deportation they will defer so that we can focus on removing those who pose a risk to our public safety. This book makes an important contribution to our understanding of this basic truth in American law and immigration policy. The fact that this issue is at the center of the debate over immigration reform right now because the House of Representatives refuses to reform the current system, makes this work timely and incredibly helpful for scholars, students, policymakers, and leaders." - Luis V. Gutiérrez,U.S. House of Representatives "WithBeyond Deportation, Wadhia has simultaneously created a short, accessible, and comprehensive primer on prosecutorial discretion in immigration while raising profound questions on the usage and evolution of this tool into one that is more transparent, humanitarian, and just." (Border Criminologies) ""The definitive word on the all-important tool of prosecutorial discretion in immigration enforcement. Wadhia traces the fascinating history of the exercise of such discretion under U.S. immigration law, which includes careful study of the famous case of John Lennon and Yoko Ono through to the use of such discretion in President Obama's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. Rather than simply describing the history, Beyond Deportationoffers concrete recommendations about prosecutorial discretion in immigration enforcement, including greater transparency in decisionmaking and rules that limit government attorneys in the exercise of discretion. Wadhia has written an important analysis of the most significant positive immigration development of the Obama administration." - Kevin R. Johnson,University of California, Davis