Gülistan Gürbey is Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.Sabine Hofmann is Researcher and Associate Lecturer at Freie Universität Berlin, at Philipps Universität Marburg, and at Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany.Ferhad Ibrahim Seyder is Professor emeritus at Freie Universität Berlin, and Universität Erfurt, Germany.

• Chapter 1: Introduction.- PART I: The Rise of Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 2: The Evolution of Kurdistan-Iraq’s Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints.- Chapter 3: The Evolution of Palestine’s Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints.- PART II: The foundations of Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 4: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Kurdistan Iraq’s Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 5: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Palestine’s Paradiplomacy.- PART III: Paradiplomacy in Practise (selected relations).- Chapter 6: Palestine and USA.- Chapter 7: Kurdistan-Iraq and EU.- Chapter 8: Palestine and EU.- Chapter 9: Palestine and Russia.- Chapter 10: Kurdistan-Iraq and China.- Chapter 11: Palestine and China.- Chapter 12: Kurdistan-Iraq and Turkey.- Chapter 13: Kurdistan-Iraq and Iran.- Chapter 14: Palestine and Iran.- Chapter 15: Conclusion.

“Between Diplomacy and Non-Diplomacy provides a valuable contribution to the literature on paradiplomacy, particularly in the context of the Middle East. This book will thus be of interest to scholars and students of international relations, Middle East studies, Kurdish studies, and those interested in the foreign relations of non-state actors. The book’s comparative approach offers readers insights into the diplomatic strategies of two of the region’s most prominent non-state actors.” (Kamal Chomani, Kurdish Studies Journal, Vol. 2 (2), December, 2024)

Gülistan Gürbey is Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.Sabine Hofmann is Researcher and Associate Lecturer at Freie Universität Berlin, at Philipps Universität Marburg, and at Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany.Ferhad Ibrahim Seyder is Professor emeritus at Freie Universität Berlin, and Universität Erfurt, Germany.

• Chapter 1: Introduction.- PART I: The Rise of Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 2: The Evolution of Kurdistan-Iraq’s Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints.- Chapter 3: The Evolution of Palestine’s Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints.- PART II: The foundations of Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 4: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Kurdistan Iraq’s Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 5: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Palestine’s Paradiplomacy.- PART III: Paradiplomacy in Practise (selected relations).- Chapter 6: Palestine and USA.- Chapter 7: Kurdistan-Iraq and EU.- Chapter 8: Palestine and EU.- Chapter 9: Palestine and Russia.- Chapter 10: Kurdistan-Iraq and China.- Chapter 11: Palestine and China.- Chapter 12: Kurdistan-Iraq and Turkey.- Chapter 13: Kurdistan-Iraq and Iran.- Chapter 14: Palestine and Iran.- Chapter 15: Conclusion.

“Between Diplomacy and Non-Diplomacy provides a valuable contribution to the literature on paradiplomacy, particularly in the context of the Middle East. This book will thus be of interest to scholars and students of international relations, Middle East studies, Kurdish studies, and those interested in the foreign relations of non-state actors. The book’s comparative approach offers readers insights into the diplomatic strategies of two of the region’s most prominent non-state actors.” (Kamal Chomani, Kurdish Studies Journal, Vol. 2 (2), December, 2024)

Gülistan Gürbey is Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.Sabine Hofmann is Researcher and Associate Lecturer at Freie Universität Berlin, at Philipps Universität Marburg, and at Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany.Ferhad Ibrahim Seyder is Professor emeritus at Freie Universität Berlin, and Universität Erfurt, Germany.

• Chapter 1: Introduction.- PART I: The Rise of Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 2: The Evolution of Kurdistan-Iraq’s Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints.- Chapter 3: The Evolution of Palestine’s Paradiplomacy: Causes and constraints.- PART II: The foundations of Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 4: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Kurdistan Iraq’s Paradiplomacy.- Chapter 5: Legal framework, institutionalization, tools and motivs of Palestine’s Paradiplomacy.- PART III: Paradiplomacy in Practise (selected relations).- Chapter 6: Palestine and USA.- Chapter 7: Kurdistan-Iraq and EU.- Chapter 8: Palestine and EU.- Chapter 9: Palestine and Russia.- Chapter 10: Kurdistan-Iraq and China.- Chapter 11: Palestine and China.- Chapter 12: Kurdistan-Iraq and Turkey.- Chapter 13: Kurdistan-Iraq and Iran.- Chapter 14: Palestine and Iran.- Chapter 15: Conclusion.

“Between Diplomacy and Non-Diplomacy provides a valuable contribution to the literature on paradiplomacy, particularly in the context of the Middle East. This book will thus be of interest to scholars and students of international relations, Middle East studies, Kurdish studies, and those interested in the foreign relations of non-state actors. The book’s comparative approach offers readers insights into the diplomatic strategies of two of the region’s most prominent non-state actors.” (Kamal Chomani, Kurdish Studies Journal, Vol. 2 (2), December, 2024)