Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation

THE EDITORS R. Shane Tubbs is Professor and Chief Scientific Officer at the Seattle Science Foundation in Seattle, WA. Mohammadali M. Shoja is a researcher in the Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Tabriz, Iran. Marios Loukas is a Professor in the Department of Anatomical Sciences at St George's University in Grenada.

• List of contributors xiPreface xviiForeword by Stephen W. Carmichael xixForeword by Ronald A. Bergman xx1 Skull 1Selcuk Tunali2 Hyoid bone 22R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe3 Cervical vertebrae 24Joseph H. Miller, Michael C. Lysek and Mark N. Hadley4 Thoracic vertebrae 30Benjamin J. Ditty, Nidal B. Omar and Mark N. Hadley5 Lumbar vertebrae 33Ross Dawkins and Mark N. Hadley6 Sacrococcygeal vertebrae 37R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas7 Scapula 40Peter Ward8 Clavicle 51Z.J. Daruwalla, R. Malhotra, P. Courtis, C. Fitzpatrick, D. Fitzpatrick and H. Mullett9 Humerus 63Peter Ward10 Radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges 68Munawar Hayat and Marios Loukas11 Ribs and sternum 76R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe12 Pelvic bones 82Alper Cesmebasi and Marios Loukas13 Bones of the lower limb 89Matthew Haffner and Michael Conklin14 Temporomandibular joint 116Toral R. Patel and Jarrod A. Collins15 Shoulder joint 124Brion Benninger16 Elbow joint 130Giuseppe Giannicola, Federico Maria Sacchetti, David Polimanti, Gianluca Bullitta, Marco Scacchi and Pietro Sedati17 Wrist and hand joints 158Benjamin Todd Raines and Jean Oakes18 Sacroiliac joints 165Niladri Kumar Mahato19 Hip joint 176Robert Ward20 Knee joint 181Brion Benninger21 Ankle and foot joints 204Takamitsu Arakawa22 Orbital muscles 207Necdet Kocabiyik23 Middle ear muscles 212José Francisco Rodríguez‐Vázquez24 Facial muscles and muscles of mastication 217Koichi Watanabe25 Anterior neck muscles 228Hye Yeon Lee and Hee Jun Yang26 Pharyngeal muscles 236Yujiro Sakamoto27 Soft palate and tongue muscles 240Swetal Patel and Marios Loukas28 Prevertebral and craniocervical junction muscles 245Yujiro Sakamoto29 Laryngeal muscles 254Eva Maranillo and Jose Sanudo30 Back muscles 262Barclay W. Bakkum and Nathan Miller31 Scapulohumeral muscles 289Clare Lamb32 Arm muscles 293Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura33 Forearm muscles 298Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura34 Hand intrinsic muscles 315Mirtha A. Gonzalez and David T. Netscher35 Thoracic wall muscles 335Michael Snosek and Marios Loukas36 Abdominal wall muscles 369Tsuyoshi Saga and Nagahiro Takahashi37 Pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter 381Howe Liu and Yasser Salem38 Perineal muscles 384R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe39 Gluteal muscles 386Helen Nicholson and Natasha Flack40 Thigh muscles 410Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas41 Leg muscles 421H. Wayne Lambert42 Intrinsic muscles of the foot 438Rene M. Kafka, Ian L. Aveytua, Regina C. Fiacco, Garen M. Ream, Anthony C. DiLandro and Anthony D’Antoni43 Internal carotid artery and anterior cerebral circulation 449Paul Foreman, Christoph J. Griessenauer, John P. Deveikis and Mark Harrigan44 Vertebrobasilar arteries 461R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas45 Persistent fetal intracranial arteries 465Soner Albay46 Common carotid and cervical internal carotid arteries 475R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas47 External carotid artery 477Selcuk Tunali48 Vertebral artery 487Bernard George and Michaël Bruneau49 Thoracic aorta 501Veysel Akgun, Salih Hamcan, Yalcin Bozkurt and Bilal Battal50 Coronary arteries 530Horia Muresian51 Pulmonary arteries 569M. Cumhur Sivrikoz52 Subclavian artery 575Selcuk Tunali53 Upper limb arteries 583Anthony Olinger54 Abdominal aorta 619Daisy Sahni, Anjali Aggarwal, Tulika Gupta, Harjeet Kaur, Richa Gupta, Kunal Chawla, Narbada Saini, Shallu Garg, Anjali Singla, Arpan Deep, Harsimran Jit Singh, Devendra Shekhawat and Megha Rapotra55 Renal arteries 682Priti L. Mishall56 Internal iliac arteries 694Richard Tunstall57 Lower limb arteries 741Akshal Patel58 Arteries of the spinal cord 752Marius C. Bosman and Albert van Schoor59 Diploic veins 770Satoshi Tsutsumi60 Dural venous sinuses 775Shamfa C. Joseph, Elias Rizk and R. Shane Tubbs61 Cerebral veins 800Alireza Sadighi, Ulaş, Cikla, Gregory C. Kujoth and Mustafa K. Başkaya62 Emissary veins 817R. Shane Tubbs, Koichi Watanabe and Marios Loukas63 Veins of the neck 821R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe64 Veins of the upper limb 826Teresa Vazquez and Jose Sanudo65 Intrathoracic veins 832Jonathan D. Spratt66 Cardiac veins 854Horia Muresian67 Pulmonary veins 871Yutthaphan Wannasopha and Juntima Euathrongchit68 Inferior vena cava, portal and hepatic venous systems 877Jonathan D. Spratt69 Adrenal, renal, gonadal, azygos, hemiazygos, lumbar, and ascending lumbar veins 890Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs70 Iliac veins 894Deepali Onkar71 Veins of the lower limb 900Santosh K. Sangari72 Venous drainage of the spinal cord 910Joel Raborn, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs73 Thymus 914Ivan Varga74 Tonsils 919R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas75 Thoracic duct, chyle cistern, and right lymphatic duct 921Young‐Bin Song76 Lymphatics of the lower limb 935Shun Yamazaki, Hiroo Suami, Nobuaki Imanishi, Sadakazu Aiso, Minoru Yamada, Masahiro Jinzaki, Sachio Kuribayashi, David W. Chang and Kazuo Kishi77 Forebrain 939R. Shane Tubbs, Mohammadali M. Shoja and Marios Loukas78 Cerebral ventricles 943Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Mohammad Jaber and R. Shane Tubbs79 Pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum 954Dylan Goodrich, Jennifer Yang, Joseph H. Miller and W. Jerry Oakes80 Subarachnoid space 959Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Fareed Rizq and R. Shane Tubbs81 Meninges 974Nimer Adeeb, Martin M. Mortazavi and R. Shane Tubbs82 Spinal cord and associated structures 984Shoko M. Yamada, Daniel J. Won, Pedro B. Nava, R. Shane Tubbs and Shokei Yamada83 Cranial nerves N‐VI 989Jenna R. Voirol, Kelley A. Strothmann, Anthony Zandian and Joel A. Vilensky84 Facial nerve 1005Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs85 Vestibulocochlear nerve 1034Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs86 Glossopharyngeal nerve 1036Mohammadali M. Shoja, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs87 Vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves 1041Mohammadali M. Shoja, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs88 Autonomic nervous system 1050Paul Anthony Irwin, R. Isaiah Tubbs and R. Shane Tubbs89 Spinal nerves 1057R. Shane Tubbs90 Cervical plexus 1062Necdet Kocabiyik91 Nerves of the upper extremity 1068Mark A. Mahan and Robert J. Spinner92 Lumbosacral plexus 1113Nihal Apaydin93 Facial asymmetry 1130Senem T. Ozdemir, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs94 Eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrows 1133Candace R. Wooten and Marios Loukas95 Eye and lacrimal apparatus 1145Frederic J. Bertino96 Lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses 1158Amr E. El‐Shazly97 Ear 1167Aman Deep, Martin M. Mortazavi and Nimer Adeeb98 Salivary glands and ducts 1182Louise Wing and Tarik F. Massoud99 Thyroid gland 1189Bulent Yalcin100 Parathyroid glands 1205Bulent Yalcin101 Laryngeal cartilages 1209Arán Pascual‐Font and Jose Sanudo102 Trachea 1212Koichi Watanabe103 Lungs 1217Koichi Watanabe104 Heart 1234Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas105 Esophagus 1247Koichi Watanabe106 Stomach 1253Koichi Watanabe107 Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts 1261Mark D. Stringer108 Liver 1272Koichi Watanabe109 Pancreas 1278Koichi Watanabe110 Spleen 1282Koichi Watanabe111 Small intestines, appendix, and colon 1285Koichi Watanabe112 Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus 1308Thandinkosi E. Madiba and Mohammad R. Haffajee113 Kidney, urinary bladder, and ureter 1315Mohammad Reza Ardalan114 Adrenal gland 1332Gülnur Özgüner115 Male genitourinary system 1335Courtney L. Shepard, Dustin T. Gayheart and David B. Joseph116 Female genital system 1364Sedat Develi117 Placenta and umbilical cord 1387Sedat Develi118 Breast 1390Matthew RubachaIndex 1398