Before the Computer

• List of IllustrationsList of FiguresList of TablesPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPt. 1Origins of a New Industry, 1865-192011From Opportunities to Typewriters32Adding and Calculating Machines253Hollerith and the Development of Punched Card Tabulation444Cash Registers and the National Cash Register Company645Rudiments of an Industry Identified79Pt. 2An Age of Office Machines, 1920-1941896Economic Conditions and the Role of Standardization917Products, Practices, and Prices1058Commercial and Scientific Applications of Punched Card Machines1289International Trade in Punched Card Machines13710The Great Depression in the United States14411IBM and Powers/Remington Rand14912Other Accounting Machines and Their Uses15813Vendors, Practices, and Results171Pt. 3World War II and the Postwar Office Appliance Industry, 1941-195618714Economics, Government Controls, and Applications18915The Role of Major Vendors, 1939-194620616Industry Structure, Vendors, and Practices, 1945-195622217Business Volumes24718Conclusion: The Roles of Marketing, Distribution, and Technology264Notes289Index331

"The computer didn't spring full-blown from the brows of men like Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. The automation movement that prepared the way for today's personal computer, the author shows, began in the 19th century with the invention of the typewriter and the adding machine."--Washington Post Book World "Easily the best attempt to date to integrate the present-day computer industry with its office machine past. It is strongly recommended as a significant contribution to the literature of the history of computing and the information handling industries."--Martin Campbell-Kelly, Business History "This beautifully produced book ... makes an essential contribution to the history of data processing and computing. Its data alone should make the book a basic reference for scholars."--Steven W. Usselman, American Scientist