Steve J. Stern is Alberto Flores Galindo Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. His most recent books include Remembering Pinochet’s Chile: On the Eve of London 1998 and Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995, both also published by Duke University Press.

• Acknowledgments xiMaps xviIntroduction to the Trilogy: The Memory Box of Pinoche’s Chile xixIntroduction to Book Two: Battling for Hearts and Minds 1Part I. Foundational Years: Building the Memory Box, 1973–1982 1. Chronicling a Coup Foretold? Previews of the Impossible 11Afterword. “This is Chile” 292. Saving “Chileans of Well-Placed Heart,” 1973–1976 33Afterword. Rumors of the Impossible 773. Witnessing and Awakening Chile: Testimonial Truth and Struggle, 1973–1977 81Afterword. Laughing and Singing in Times of Trouble 1294. Road to Oblivion? Crisis and Institutionalization, 1977–1982 137Afterword. Coming of Age 1795. Digging In: Counterofficial Chile, 1979–1982 196Afterword. Fending off Despair 231Conclusion to Part I: Building the Memory Box: Foundational Years 237PART II. Struggles for Control: Memory Politics as Mass Experience, 1983–1988 6. Great Shakings: Memory War in the Streets, 1983–1986 249Afterword. Away from Santiago 2877. Time Travel: Memory War in Media and Politics, 1983–1986 297Afterword. Desire 3308. “Did You Forget Me?” The Unexpected Faces of Chile, 1987–1988 336Afterword. Taboo: The Making of a Memory Moment 378Abbreviations Used in Notes and Essay on Sources 389Notes 391Essay on Sources 485Index 507

“Battling for Hearts and Minds is an extraordinary narrative and analysis of the ways conflictual interpretations and memories were framed and built in the Pinochet years.”-Paul W. Drake, coeditor of State and Society in Conflict: Comparative Perspectives on Andean Crises “Battling for Hearts and Minds is the first comprehensive history of the struggle to define collective memory in Pinochet’s Chile and one of the first of its kind about Latin America in general.”-Peter Winn, editor of Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973–2002 “By probing the dark undercurrents which shaped the Chilean dictatorship, as well as the wondrous ways in which the resistance managed to defeat Pinochet, Steve J. Stern has given us an indispensable guide to recent Chilean history.”-Ariel Dorfman “[A] brilliantly crafted, deeply layered narrative of the interaction between memory and history. . . . It is a ‘must read’ for anyone interested in understanding the dynamics of authoritarian rule and democratic resurgence in the Cold War period of Latin American history. Given its conceptual resonances and unique methodology it is sure to be of interest to students of historical memory anywhere in the world.” - James A. Wood (The Latin Americanist) “[A] remarkable tale of the inner contest between rival public memories-those of the regime’s backers and those of its detractors. Going well beyond some of the (now conventional) reliance upon testimonials, Stern follows the hopes and heartaches of civic activists, teachers, officers, and churchgoers as they organized themselves around real and symbolic struggles during the dictatorship’s most brutal years and its eventual demise.” - Jeremy Adelman (Journal of Interdisciplinary History) “[T]his is an impressive synthesis based on prodigious research. . . . His focus on social memory, which allows him to consider the moral and subjective elements of human experience, together with his historian’s sensitivity to indeterminacy and human agency make this a compelling interpretation of how Chileans lived the Pinochet years.” - Alexander Wilde (Left History) “As a superb study of contemporary Chilean history, Stern’s two volumes are certain to become classics for all those interested in the social, political, and economic evolution of Chile. Yet, Stern’s extraordinary accounts of how memory is built, signified, and reconstructed-as a dependent and independent variable, as methodologically rigorous jargon would have it-can also provide a useful and attractive framework for those interested in how memory is, ultimately and within constraints, created and re-created.” - Patricio Navia (Latin American Research Review) “In a classic oral historian’s fashion, Stern shares stories and voices of the seldom heard. . . . Battling for Hearts and Minds also provides meticulous explanations of how Stern gathered and assessed distinct memory strands. In this 500-page work, almost 100 pages are notes, and Stern includes a thoughtful essay on primary sources as well as oral research as methodology. Combined with his lucid prose, this makes the volume quite valuable as a model for young researchers as well as for classroom use.” - Katherine Hite (Journal of Latin American Studies) ‘Accessibly narrated and based on extensive archival research and ethnographic interviews, Stern's volume is certain to appear on many course syllabi in the near future. . . . [He] manages, quite adeptly, to add a dimension of complexity to concepts like censorship that are often discussed in rather unambiguous and generalized terms both in scholarly work on dictatorship and in university classrooms. . . . Stern brilliantly traces the evolution of memory as a critical category in Pinochet's Chile and helps us to see how the scripting of the past became a fierce political battle that would last long into the years of transition.” - Michael J. Lazzara (The Americas)

Steve J. Stern is Alberto Flores Galindo Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. His most recent books include Remembering Pinochet’s Chile: On the Eve of London 1998 and Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995, both also published by Duke University Press.

• Acknowledgments xiMaps xviIntroduction to the Trilogy: The Memory Box of Pinoche’s Chile xixIntroduction to Book Two: Battling for Hearts and Minds 1Part I. Foundational Years: Building the Memory Box, 1973–1982 1. Chronicling a Coup Foretold? Previews of the Impossible 11Afterword. “This is Chile” 292. Saving “Chileans of Well-Placed Heart,” 1973–1976 33Afterword. Rumors of the Impossible 773. Witnessing and Awakening Chile: Testimonial Truth and Struggle, 1973–1977 81Afterword. Laughing and Singing in Times of Trouble 1294. Road to Oblivion? Crisis and Institutionalization, 1977–1982 137Afterword. Coming of Age 1795. Digging In: Counterofficial Chile, 1979–1982 196Afterword. Fending off Despair 231Conclusion to Part I: Building the Memory Box: Foundational Years 237PART II. Struggles for Control: Memory Politics as Mass Experience, 1983–1988 6. Great Shakings: Memory War in the Streets, 1983–1986 249Afterword. Away from Santiago 2877. Time Travel: Memory War in Media and Politics, 1983–1986 297Afterword. Desire 3308. “Did You Forget Me?” The Unexpected Faces of Chile, 1987–1988 336Afterword. Taboo: The Making of a Memory Moment 378Abbreviations Used in Notes and Essay on Sources 389Notes 391Essay on Sources 485Index 507

“Battling for Hearts and Minds is an extraordinary narrative and analysis of the ways conflictual interpretations and memories were framed and built in the Pinochet years.”-Paul W. Drake, coeditor of State and Society in Conflict: Comparative Perspectives on Andean Crises “Battling for Hearts and Minds is the first comprehensive history of the struggle to define collective memory in Pinochet’s Chile and one of the first of its kind about Latin America in general.”-Peter Winn, editor of Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973–2002 “By probing the dark undercurrents which shaped the Chilean dictatorship, as well as the wondrous ways in which the resistance managed to defeat Pinochet, Steve J. Stern has given us an indispensable guide to recent Chilean history.”-Ariel Dorfman “[A] brilliantly crafted, deeply layered narrative of the interaction between memory and history. . . . It is a ‘must read’ for anyone interested in understanding the dynamics of authoritarian rule and democratic resurgence in the Cold War period of Latin American history. Given its conceptual resonances and unique methodology it is sure to be of interest to students of historical memory anywhere in the world.” - James A. Wood (The Latin Americanist) “[A] remarkable tale of the inner contest between rival public memories-those of the regime’s backers and those of its detractors. Going well beyond some of the (now conventional) reliance upon testimonials, Stern follows the hopes and heartaches of civic activists, teachers, officers, and churchgoers as they organized themselves around real and symbolic struggles during the dictatorship’s most brutal years and its eventual demise.” - Jeremy Adelman (Journal of Interdisciplinary History) “[T]his is an impressive synthesis based on prodigious research. . . . His focus on social memory, which allows him to consider the moral and subjective elements of human experience, together with his historian’s sensitivity to indeterminacy and human agency make this a compelling interpretation of how Chileans lived the Pinochet years.” - Alexander Wilde (Left History) “As a superb study of contemporary Chilean history, Stern’s two volumes are certain to become classics for all those interested in the social, political, and economic evolution of Chile. Yet, Stern’s extraordinary accounts of how memory is built, signified, and reconstructed-as a dependent and independent variable, as methodologically rigorous jargon would have it-can also provide a useful and attractive framework for those interested in how memory is, ultimately and within constraints, created and re-created.” - Patricio Navia (Latin American Research Review) “In a classic oral historian’s fashion, Stern shares stories and voices of the seldom heard. . . . Battling for Hearts and Minds also provides meticulous explanations of how Stern gathered and assessed distinct memory strands. In this 500-page work, almost 100 pages are notes, and Stern includes a thoughtful essay on primary sources as well as oral research as methodology. Combined with his lucid prose, this makes the volume quite valuable as a model for young researchers as well as for classroom use.” - Katherine Hite (Journal of Latin American Studies) ‘Accessibly narrated and based on extensive archival research and ethnographic interviews, Stern's volume is certain to appear on many course syllabi in the near future. . . . [He] manages, quite adeptly, to add a dimension of complexity to concepts like censorship that are often discussed in rather unambiguous and generalized terms both in scholarly work on dictatorship and in university classrooms. . . . Stern brilliantly traces the evolution of memory as a critical category in Pinochet's Chile and helps us to see how the scripting of the past became a fierce political battle that would last long into the years of transition.” - Michael J. Lazzara (The Americas)

Steve J. Stern is Alberto Flores Galindo Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. His most recent books include Remembering Pinochet’s Chile: On the Eve of London 1998 and Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru, 1980–1995, both also published by Duke University Press.

• Acknowledgments xiMaps xviIntroduction to the Trilogy: The Memory Box of Pinoche’s Chile xixIntroduction to Book Two: Battling for Hearts and Minds 1Part I. Foundational Years: Building the Memory Box, 1973–1982 1. Chronicling a Coup Foretold? Previews of the Impossible 11Afterword. “This is Chile” 292. Saving “Chileans of Well-Placed Heart,” 1973–1976 33Afterword. Rumors of the Impossible 773. Witnessing and Awakening Chile: Testimonial Truth and Struggle, 1973–1977 81Afterword. Laughing and Singing in Times of Trouble 1294. Road to Oblivion? Crisis and Institutionalization, 1977–1982 137Afterword. Coming of Age 1795. Digging In: Counterofficial Chile, 1979–1982 196Afterword. Fending off Despair 231Conclusion to Part I: Building the Memory Box: Foundational Years 237PART II. Struggles for Control: Memory Politics as Mass Experience, 1983–1988 6. Great Shakings: Memory War in the Streets, 1983–1986 249Afterword. Away from Santiago 2877. Time Travel: Memory War in Media and Politics, 1983–1986 297Afterword. Desire 3308. “Did You Forget Me?” The Unexpected Faces of Chile, 1987–1988 336Afterword. Taboo: The Making of a Memory Moment 378Abbreviations Used in Notes and Essay on Sources 389Notes 391Essay on Sources 485Index 507

“Battling for Hearts and Minds is an extraordinary narrative and analysis of the ways conflictual interpretations and memories were framed and built in the Pinochet years.”-Paul W. Drake, coeditor of State and Society in Conflict: Comparative Perspectives on Andean Crises “Battling for Hearts and Minds is the first comprehensive history of the struggle to define collective memory in Pinochet’s Chile and one of the first of its kind about Latin America in general.”-Peter Winn, editor of Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973–2002 “By probing the dark undercurrents which shaped the Chilean dictatorship, as well as the wondrous ways in which the resistance managed to defeat Pinochet, Steve J. Stern has given us an indispensable guide to recent Chilean history.”-Ariel Dorfman “[A] brilliantly crafted, deeply layered narrative of the interaction between memory and history. . . . It is a ‘must read’ for anyone interested in understanding the dynamics of authoritarian rule and democratic resurgence in the Cold War period of Latin American history. Given its conceptual resonances and unique methodology it is sure to be of interest to students of historical memory anywhere in the world.” - James A. Wood (The Latin Americanist) “[A] remarkable tale of the inner contest between rival public memories-those of the regime’s backers and those of its detractors. Going well beyond some of the (now conventional) reliance upon testimonials, Stern follows the hopes and heartaches of civic activists, teachers, officers, and churchgoers as they organized themselves around real and symbolic struggles during the dictatorship’s most brutal years and its eventual demise.” - Jeremy Adelman (Journal of Interdisciplinary History) “[T]his is an impressive synthesis based on prodigious research. . . . His focus on social memory, which allows him to consider the moral and subjective elements of human experience, together with his historian’s sensitivity to indeterminacy and human agency make this a compelling interpretation of how Chileans lived the Pinochet years.” - Alexander Wilde (Left History) “As a superb study of contemporary Chilean history, Stern’s two volumes are certain to become classics for all those interested in the social, political, and economic evolution of Chile. Yet, Stern’s extraordinary accounts of how memory is built, signified, and reconstructed-as a dependent and independent variable, as methodologically rigorous jargon would have it-can also provide a useful and attractive framework for those interested in how memory is, ultimately and within constraints, created and re-created.” - Patricio Navia (Latin American Research Review) “In a classic oral historian’s fashion, Stern shares stories and voices of the seldom heard. . . . Battling for Hearts and Minds also provides meticulous explanations of how Stern gathered and assessed distinct memory strands. In this 500-page work, almost 100 pages are notes, and Stern includes a thoughtful essay on primary sources as well as oral research as methodology. Combined with his lucid prose, this makes the volume quite valuable as a model for young researchers as well as for classroom use.” - Katherine Hite (Journal of Latin American Studies) ‘Accessibly narrated and based on extensive archival research and ethnographic interviews, Stern's volume is certain to appear on many course syllabi in the near future. . . . [He] manages, quite adeptly, to add a dimension of complexity to concepts like censorship that are often discussed in rather unambiguous and generalized terms both in scholarly work on dictatorship and in university classrooms. . . . Stern brilliantly traces the evolution of memory as a critical category in Pinochet's Chile and helps us to see how the scripting of the past became a fierce political battle that would last long into the years of transition.” - Michael J. Lazzara (The Americas)