Basic Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering

Sivaraman Palanisamy is an engineer in Chennai, India, with over five years of experience in the power industry. He has trained more than 500 personnel on renewable energy and power quality and carried out power quality assessments for over 200 sites across India. He has published several papers in national and international conferences and three book chapters.Sharmeela Chenniappan, PhD, is an associate professor at Anna University, Chennai, India. She has 20 years of teaching experience and taught various subjects to undergraduate and post-graduate students. She has published more than 30 research publications in peer reviewed journals, and has presented more than 50 research papers at national and international conferences. Teaching both graduates and undergraduates, she received the best paper award at IEEE POWERCON in 2004.A. Thaiyal Nayagi teaches at the Rane Polytechnic Technical Campus and has a BE and ME from Anna University, Chennai, India. She has eight years of teaching experience with graduates, undergraduates, and post-graduates and is an expert in automation.R. Mahendran is an electrical engineer for aviation systems in Millennium Aero Dynamics at Delhi International Airport and has a BE and ME from Anna University, Chennai, India. He has more than five years of experience in the field of power systems and has done more than 25 solar power plant designs and installations.

• Foreword xiAcknowledgements xiii1 Introduction to Electric Power Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Electrical Parameters 31.1.1.1 Voltage 31.1.1.2 Current 111.1.1.3 Time Period and Frequency 151.1.1.4 Phase Angle (ɸ) 161.2 Three-Phase Supply Connections 171.2.1 Star Connection 171.2.2 Delta Connection 191.2.3 Balanced Load 211.2.4 Unbalanced Load 231.2.5 Star – Delta Conversion 231.2.6 Delta to Star Conversion 241.3 Power 251.3.1 Real Power or Active Power (P) 251.3.2 Reactive Power (Q) 281.3.3 Apparent Power (S) 311.4 Power Factor (PF) 351.4.1 Classification Based on Load Characteristics 351.4.2 Classification Based on Harmonics Producing Loads 461.4.3 The Need for Power Factor Improvement 471.4.4 Methods of Power Factor Improvement 481.5 Types of Loads 491.5.1 Linear Loads 501.5.2 Non-Linear Loads 501.6 Three-Phase Power Measurement 501.7 Overview of Power Systems 561.7.1 Components of an Electric Power System 581.8 Protection of Power System 63References 752 Transformers 792.1 Introduction 792.2 Transformer Magnetics 822.3 Construction of Transformer 852.4 EMF Equation of a Transformer 882.5 Ideal Transformer 912.6 Transformation Ratio (K) 952.7 Circuit Model or Equivalent Circuit of Transformer 962.8 Voltage Regulation of Transformer 1002.9 Name Plate Rating 1012.10 Efficiency of Transformer 1022.11 Three-Phase Transformer 1042.12 Components of the Transformer 1132.13 Standards for Transformers 116References 1233 DC Machines 1253.1 Introduction 1253.1.1 DC Generators 1253.1.2 DC Motors 1253.1.3 Construction of DC Machines 1253.2 Operation of DC Machines 1323.2.1 Principle of DC Generators 1323.2.2 Operating Principle of Motors 1333.3 EMF Equation of DC Generator 1363.4 Torque Equation of a DC Motor 1383.5 Circuit Model 1393.5.1 Generator Mode 1403.5.2 Motor Mode 1413.5.3 Symbolic Representation of DC Generator 1413.6 Methods of Excitation 1423.7 Characteristics of DC Generator 1483.7.1 Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator 1503.7.2 Load Characteristics of DC Shunt Generator 1523.7.3 Load Characteristics of DC Series Generator 1543.7.4 Load Characteristics of DC Compound Generator 1553.8 Types of DC Motor 1563.9 DC Motor Characteristics 1603.10 Necessity for Starters 1653.11 Speed Control of DC Motors 1703.12 Universal Motor 179References 1834 AC Machines 1854.1 Introduction 1854.2 Three-Phase Induction Motor 1854.2.1 Rotating Magnetic Field 1864.2.2 Construction 1864.2.3 Working Principle 1894.2.4 Slip of an Induction Motor 1924.2.5 Torque Equation 1934.2.6 Torque–Slip Characteristics 1954.2.7 Induction Motor as a Transformer 1974.2.8 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor 1984.3 Single-Phase Induction Motor 2014.3.1 Introduction 2014.3.2 Working Principle 2034.3.3 Types of Single-Phase Induction Motor 2034.4 Starting Methods of Induction Motor 2094.4.1 Need for Starters 2094.4.2 Types of Starters 2094.5 Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motor 2154.6 Synchronous Motor 2204.6.1 Construction 2204.6.2 Features of a Synchronous Motor 2204.6.3 Working Principle 2214.6.4 Starting Methods of Synchronous Motor 2214.6.5 Torque Equation of Synchronous Motor 2224.7 Stepper Motor 2234.8 Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor 2254.8.1 Construction 2254.8.2 Working Principle 2264.9 Alternator 2264.9.1 Construction 2264.9.2 Working Principle 2294.9.3 EMF Equation of an Alternator 2324.9.4 Voltage Regulation of an Alternator 2344.10 Standards for Electric Machines 235References 2415 Measurement and Instrumentation 2435.1 Electrical and Electronic Instruments 2435.1.1 Classification of Instruments 2435.1.2 Basic Requirements for Measurement 2505.1.3 Types of Indicating Instruments 2595.1.4 AC Indicating Instruments 2705.1.5 Electrical Instruments 2755.2 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) 2785.3 Digital Storage Oscilloscope 2835.4 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Measurements 2895.4.1 Static Characteristics 2895.4.2 Dynamic Characteristics 2965.5 Measurement of Errors 2975.5.1 Types of Errors 2985.6 Transducer 3005.6.1 Classification of Transducers 302References 338Index 341