Basic Chemistry

About our authors Karen Timberlake is Professor Emerita of Chemistry at Los Angeles Valley College, where she taught chemistry for allied health and preparatory chemistry for 36 years. She received her bachelor’s degree in chemistry from the University of Washington and her master’s degree in biochemistry from the University of California at Los Angeles.Professor Timberlake has been writing chemistry textbooks for more than 40 years. During that time, her name has become associated with the strategic use of pedagogical tools that promote student success in chemistry and the application of chemistry to real-life situations. More than one million students have learned chemistry using texts, laboratory manuals, and study guides written by Karen Timberlake. In addition to Basic Chemistry, sixth edition, she is also the author of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, sixth edition, with the accompanying Study Guide, and Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, thirteenth edition, with the accompanying Study Guide and Selected Solutions Manual, Laboratory Manual, and Essential Laboratory Manual.Professor Timberlake belongs to numerous scientific and educational organizations including the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA). She has been the Western Regional Winner of Excellence in College Chemistry Teaching Award given by the Chemical Manufacturers Association. She received the McGuffey Award in Physical Sciences from the Textbook Authors Association for her textbook Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, eighth edition. She received the “Texty” Textbook Excellence Award from the Textbook Authors Association for the first edition of Basic Chemistry. She has participated in education grants for science teaching including the Los Angeles Collaborative for Teaching Excellence (LACTE) and a Title III grant at her college. She speaks at conferences and educational meetings on the use of student-centered teaching methods in chemistry to promote the learning success of students.Her husband, William Timberlake, who is the coauthor of this text, is Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at Los Angeles Harbor College, where he taught preparatory and organic chemistry for 36 years. He received his bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Carnegie Mellon University and his master’s degree in organic chemistry from the University of California at Los Angeles.When the Professors Timberlake are not writing textbooks, they relax by playing tennis, ballroom dancing, hiking, traveling, trying new restaurants, cooking, and enjoying their grandchildren, Daniel and Emily.

• Chemistry in Our Lives  1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals1.2 Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist1.3 Studying and Learning Chemistry1.4 Key Math Skills for Chemistry1.5 Writing Numbers in Scientific NotationChemistry and Measurements  2.1 Units of Measurement2.2 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures2.3 Significant Figures in Calculations2.4 Prefixes and Equalities2.5 Writing Conversion Factors2.6 Problem Solving Using Unit Conversion2.7 DensityMatter and Energy  3.1 Classification of Matter3.2 States and Properties of Matter3.3 Temperature3.4 Energy3.5 Specific Heat3.6 Energy and NutritionAtoms and Elements  4.1 Elements and Symbols4.2 The Periodic Table4.3 The Atom4.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number4.5 Isotopes and Atomic MassElectronic Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends  5.1 Electromagnetic Radiation5.2 Atomic Spectra and Energy Levels5.3 Sublevels and Orbitals5.4 Orbital Diagrams and Electron Configurations5.5 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table5.6 Trends in Periodic PropertiesIonic and Molecular Compounds  6.1 Ions: Transfer of Electrons6.2 Ionic Compounds6.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas6.4 Polyatomic Ions6.5 Molecular Compounds: Sharing ElectronsChemical Quantities  7.1 The Mole7.2 Molar Mass7.3 Calculations Using Molar Mass7.4 Mass Percent Composition7.5 Empirical Formulas7.6 Molecular FormulasChemical Reactions  8.1 Equations for Chemical Reactions8.2 Balancing a Chemical Equation8.3 Types of Chemical Reactions8.4 Oxidation—Reduction ReactionsChemical Quantities in Reactions  9.1 Conservation of Mass9.2 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations9.3 Mass Calculations for Chemical Reactions9.4 Limiting Reactants9.5 Percent Yield9.6 Energy in Chemical ReactionsBonding and Properties of Solids and Liquids  10.1 Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions10.2 Resonance Structures10.3 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions (VSEPR Theory)10.4 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity10.5 Polarity of Molecules10.6 Intermolecular Forces Between Atoms or Molecules10.7 Changes of StateGases  11.1 Properties of Gases11.2 Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)11.3 Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law)11.4 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)11.5 The Combined Gas Law11.6 Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law)11.7 The Ideal Gas Law11.8 Gas Laws and Chemical Reactions11.9 Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law)Solutions  12.1 Solutions12.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes12.3 Solubility12.4 Solution Concentrations12.5 Dilution of Solutions12.6 Chemical Reactions in Solution12.7 Molality and Freezing Point Lowering/Boiling Point Elevation12.8 Properties of Solutions: OsmosisReaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium  13.1 Rates of Reactions13.2 Chemical Equilibrium13.3 Equilibrium Constants13.4 Using Equilibrium Constants13.5 Changing Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s PrincipleAcids and Bases  14.1 Acids and Bases14.2 Brønsted—Lowry Acids and Bases14.3 Strengths of Acids and Bases14.4 Dissociation Constants of Weak Acids and Bases14.5 Dissociation of Water14.6 The pH Scale14.7 Reactions of Acids and Bases14.8 Acid—Base Titration14.9 BuffersOxidation and Reduction  15.1 Oxidation and Reduction15.2 Balancing Oxidation—Reduction Equations Using Half-Reactions15.3 Electrical Energy from Oxidation—Reduction Reactions15.4 Oxidation—Reduction Reactions That Require Electrical EnergyNuclear Chemistry  16.1 Natural Radioactivity16.2 Nuclear Reactions16.3 Radiation Measurement16.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope16.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity16.6 Nuclear Fission and FusionOrganic Chemistry  17.1 Alkanes17.2 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Polymers17.3 Aromatic Compounds17.4 Alcohols and Ethers17.5 Aldehydes and Ketones17.6 Carboxylic Acids and Esters17.7 Amines and AmidesBiochemistry  18.1 Carbohydrates18.2 Disaccharides and Polysaccharides18.3 Lipids18.4 Amino Acids and Proteins18.5 Protein Structure18.6 Proteins as Enzymes18.7 Nucleic Acids18.8 Protein Synthesis