A.J. Jacobs is in the Department of Sociology at East Carolina University, USA. He is author of Automotive FDI in Emerging Europe and The ‘New Domestic’ Automakers in the U.S. and Canada.

• 1. The Beginnings of the European Union and Overview of the Book.- 2. Car Production and the Four Phases of European Integration, 1958-2017.- 3. Introduction to Part II: The Early Belgian Car Industry.- 4. Ford Motor in Belgium.- 5. General Motors in Belgium.- 6. A History of Renault Haren-Vilvoorde.- 7. The Multiple Roads to VW’s Audi Brussels in Forest.- 8. Volvo and Other Foreign Carmakers in Belgium.- 9. Conclusion to Part II- The Future of the Belgian Car Industry.- 10. Introduction to Part III: The Early Spanish Carmakers.- 11. Ford Motor in Spain.- 12. General Motors in Spain, 1925-2017.- 13. Renault Valladolid and Palencia.- 14. A History of VW’s Spanish Car Plants, Part I: 1940-1989.- 15. A History of VW’s Spanish Car Plants, Part II: 1989-2018.- 16. PSA Peugeot Citroen’s Car Plants in Spain Part I: 1951-1989.- 17. PSA Peugeot-Citroen’s Car Plants in Spain Part II: 1989-2018.- 18. Conclusion to Part III- The Future of the Spanish Car Industry.- 19. EU Expansion, Brexit, and Near-term Prospects for European Car Plants.