M. Eric Gershwin is the editor of Autoimmunity, Part A: Basic Principles and New Diagnostic Tools, Volume 1109, published by Wiley. Yehuda Shoenfeld is an Israeli physician and autoimmunity researcher.

• Foreword (M. Eric Gershwin and Yehuda Shoenfeld). Part I: New Principles of Autoimmunity.1. The Nature and Nurture of Common Autoimmunity (John Castiblanco and Juan-Manuel Anaya).2. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins as Anti-Idiotypic Binding Molecules (Monique Vogel, Elsbeth Keller-Gautschi, Michael J. Baumann, Patrick Amstutz, Christine Ruf, Franz Kricek, Beda M. Stadler).3. SLAM-Associated Protein (SAP) Solves a Mystery of Autoimmunity: (Shigemasa Sawada, Masami Takei, Tetsuyosi Ishiwata, Hidetaka Shiraiwa, Hirotake Inomata, Takamasa Nozaki).4. Standardization of Autoimmune Diagnostics in Germany – Activities of the German Group in the European Autoimmune Standardisation Initiative (Ulrich Sack, Karsten Conrad, Elena Csernok, Ingrid Frank, Michael Haass, Torsten Krieger, Michael Seyfarth, Udo Schlosser, Reinhold E. Schmidt, Torsten Witte).5. Autoimmunity and Time Entanglement (Juan I. Poo, Pablo I. Martin, Enrique Rewald).6. The Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Interleukin-12 (Hyun-Dong Chang, Andreas Radbruch).7. NKG2D and Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors Are Involved in Natural Killer Cell Interaction with Self-Antigen Presenting Cells and Stromal Cells (Poggi Alessandro, Prevosto Claudia, Zancolli Marta, Paolo Canevali, Alessandra Musso, Zocchi Maria Raffaella).8. The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in HMGB1 Release from Macrophages (David S. Pisetsky, Weiwen Jiang).9. Immune Complex Pathophysiology (Urs E. Nydegger).10. Human Proteinase 3 (PR3) and Its Binding Molecules: Implications for Inflammatory and PR3-Related Autoimmune Responses (Antje Müller, Jan Voswinkel, Stefan Gottschlich, Elena Csernok).11. Loss of Self-Control in the Complement System and Innate Autoreactivity (Seppo Meri).12. Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Phenomena in Female Hyper IgM Syndrome (HIGM) (Melegari Alessandra, Mascia Maria Teresa, Sandri Gilda, Carbonieri Anna).13. Autoimmune Diseases of Domestic Animals (Laurel J. Gershwin).14. Prediction and Prevention of Autoimmune Disease: A Personal Perspective (Noel R. Rose).15. Alterations of Th1/Th2 Reactivity by Heavy Metals: Possible Consequences Include Induction of Autoimmune Diseases (Nasr Y.A. Hemdan, Frank Emmrich, Sonya Faber, Ulrich Sack).16. EASI – The European Autoimmunity Standardisation Initiative: A New Initiative That Can Contribute to Agreed Diagnostic Models of Diagnosing Autoimmune Disorders Throughout Europe (Yehuda Shoenfeld, Ricard Cervera, Michael Haass, Cees Kallenberg, Munther Khamashta, Pier Luigi Meroni, Jean-Charles Piette, Reinhold Schmidt, Allan Wiik).17. Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Are Resistant to Apoptosis (Sudhir Gupta, Sastry Gollapudi).18. Two-Step Mechanism of Virus-Induced Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (Jean-Paul Coutelier, Laurent Detalle, Andrei Musaji, Mory Meite, Shozo Izui).19. Autoimmune Reactions After Electro-Oxidation of IgG from Healthy Persons. Relevance of Electric Current and Antioxidants (Borut Bozic, Sasa Cucnik, Tanja Kveder, Blaz Rozman).20. Autoimmune Diseases Are Connected With Disturbances In Cytokine Synthesis and Therapy With IFN-g Blockers Is Their Main Pathogenetic Treatment (Boris Skurkovich, Simon Skurkovich).Part II: New Tools in Diagnosis.21. Screening of Endothelial Expression Libraries for the Identification of Novel Autoantigens Involved in Distinct Autoimmune Diseases Characterized by Endothelial Dysfunction (Paola Margutti, Federica Delunardo, Tania Colasanti, Ettore Piro, Elisabetta Profumo, Rachele Riganò, Alessandra Siracusano, Brigitta Buttari, Fabrizio Conti, Cristiano Alessandri, Antonella Capozzi, Maurizio Sorice, Elena Ortona).22. Diagnosing Diseases by Mesurement of Electrical Skin Impedance: A Novel Technique (Rony Weitzen, Nava Epstein, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Eyal Zimlichman).23. Antigen Preparation for Immunological Studies in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (Sandra Zampieri, Anna Ghirardello, Katia Rossini, Luca Iaccarino, Nicola Bassi, Fabiola Atzeni, PierCarlo Sarzi-Puttini, Andrea Doria).24. Comparison of Two Elisa Assays for Anti-SP100 Determination (José Manuel Lucena, Marcos Montes Cano, José Luis Caro, Nieves Respaldiza, Antonia Alvarez, Julio Sánchez-Román, Antonio Núñez-Roldán, Ingeborg Wichmann).25. Diagnostic Accuracy of IgA Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody Assays in Celiac Disease Patients with Selective IgA Deficiency (D. Villalta, M.G. Alessio, M. Tampoia, E. Tonutti, I. Brusca, M. Bagnasco, G. Pesce, N. Bizzaro).26. Anti-Topoisomerase 1 Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis: How to Improve the Detection (Mathieu C. Tamby, Guillaume Bussone, Luc Mouthon).27. The Effect of Open Heart Surgery on Tuberculin Skin Test Reactivity (Michal Stein, Batia Sela-Razon, Ilan Linder, Eli Somekh).28. The Reliability of Control Skin Tests with Common Antigens in Children Undergoing Tuberculin Skin Test (Michal Stein, Batia Sela-Razon, Yeshayaou Kleter, Eli Somekh).29. Ena Screen Chemiluminescence Immunoassay: A Random Access Method in Autoimmunology (S. Signorini, I. Kutschera, F. Capuano, L. Lattuada).30. Evaluation of the BioPlex 2200™ ANA Screen for the Detection of Anti-Nuclear Antibodies and Comparison with Conventional Methods (Sophie Desplat-Jego, Nathalie Bardin, Bruno Larida, Marielle Sanmarco).31. A New Line Immunoassay for the Multiparametric Detection of Anti-Ganglioside Autoantibodies in Patients with Autoimmune Peripheral Neuropathies (Karsten Conrad, Hauke Schneider, Tjalf Ziemssen, Thomas Talaska, Dirk Reinhold, Rene-Louis Humbel, Dirk Roggenbuck).32. Lipocalin-2, Tweak and Other Cytokines as Urinary Biomarkers for Lupus Nephritis (Noa Schwartz, Jennifer S. Michaelson, Chaim Putterman).33. The Prevalence of Anti-Nucleosome Antibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Other Autoimmune Systemic Diseases (I. Putova, C. Dostal, R. Becvar).34. Predictive Value of Antibodies to Citrullinated Peptides and Rheumatoid inbFactors Treated Patients (Francesca Bobbio-Pallavicini, Roberto Caporali, Anti-TNF- Claudia Alpini, Remigio Moratti, Carlomaurizio Montecucco).35. Redox-Reactive Autoantibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluids (John A. McIntyre, Ronald L. Hamilton, Steven T. DeKosky).36. Determination of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins 2GPI Complexes for the (OxLDL) Versus OxLDL/ Atherosclerosis (Luis R.bAssessment of Autoimmune-Mediated Lopez, Tammmy R. Buckner, Beth L. Hurley, Kazuko Kobayashi, Eiji Matsuura).37. Serological and Clinical Characterization of Anti-dsDNA and Anti-PM/Scl Double Positive Patients (M. Mahler, E.L. Greidinger, M. Szmyrka, A. Kromminga, M.J. Fritzler).38. Performance of ANA CTD Screen as Screening for Connective Tissue Diseases (Marcos López-Hoyos, Vicente Rodríguez-Valverde, Victoria Martinez-Taboada).39. Multiplex Assays to Diagnose Celiac Disease (Ivo Lochman, Peter Martis, Rufus W. Burlingame, Alexandra Lochmanová).40. Could Serum Antibody to Poly(ADP-ribose) and/or Histone H1 be Marker for Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (Y. Kanai, H. Akatsu, H. Iizuka, C. Morimoto).41. Identification by Proteomic Tool of Atypical Anti-Liver/Kidney-Microsome Autoantibodies Targets in de novo Auto-Immune Hepatitis After Liver Transplantation (S. Huguet, J. Vinh, C. Johanet, D. Samuel, M. Gigou, O. Zamfir, J.C. Duclos-Vallee, E. Ballot).42. Automatic Analysis of Immunofluorescence Patterns of HEP-2 Cells (Rico Hiemann, Nadja Hilger, Jörg Michel, Jörg Nitschke, Alexander Böhm, Ursula Anderer, Martin Weigert, Ulrich Sack).43. Exploring cDNA Phage Display for Autoantibody Profiling in Serum of Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Optimization of the Selection Procedure (C. Govarts, K. Somers, R. Hupperts, P. Stinissen, V. Somers).44. Novel Biomarkers in Autoimmune Diseases Prolactin, Ferritin, Vitamin D and TPA Levels in Autoimmune Diseases (Hedi Orbach, Gisele Zandman-Goddard, Howard Amital, Vivian Barak, Zoltan Szekanecz, Gabriella Szucs, Katalin Danko, Endre Nagy, Tunde Csepany, Jozelio F. Carvalho, Andrea Doria, Yehuda Shoenfeld).45. Evaluation of Current Methods for the Measurement of Serum Anti-Double Stranded DNA Antibodies (Anna Ghirardello, Danilo Villalta, Gabriella Morozzi, Antonella Afeltra, Mauro Galeazzi, Robert Gerli, Alessandro Mathieu, Pier Luigi Meroni, Paola Migliorini, Antonella Radice, Valeria Riccieri, Amelia Ruffatti, Gian Domenico Sebastiani, Angela Tincani, Andrea Doria).46. Evaluation of the Liaison ANA Screen Assay for Antinuclear Antibody Testing in Autoimmune Diseases (P. Ghillani, A.M. Rouquette, C. Desgruelles, N. Hauguel, C. Le Pendeven, J.C. Piette, L. Musset).47. Clinical Significance of Anti-Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase (Jo1) Autoantibodies (Emeline Gomard-Mennesson, Nicole Fabien, Jean-Francois Cordier, Jacques Ninet, Jacques Tebib, Hugues Rousset).48. Antinucleosome Antibodies and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Nursen Düzgün, Mehmet Sahin, Yasemin Genç, Hüseyin Tutkak).49. Protein Expression Profile of Celiac Disease Patient with Aberrant T-Cell By Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis (Valli De Re, Maria Paola Simula, Laura Caggiari, Nicoletta Ortz, Michele Spina, Alessandro Da ponte, Leandro De Appolonia, Riccardo Dolcetti, Vincenzo Canzonieri, Renato Cannizzaro).50. The Chemokine Profile of the Different Inflammatory Myopathies Reflects the Humoral Versus Cytotoxic Immune Responses (Boel De Paepe, Kim K. Creus, Jan L De Bleecker).51. Evaluation of the FIDIS Multiplex Immunoassay for Diagnosis and Follow-Up of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis and Goodpasture’s Disease (J. Damoiseaux, M. Vaessen, Y. Knapen, E. Csernok, C.A. Stegeman, P. van Paassen, J.W. Cohen Tervaert).52. Comparison of Three Multiplex Immmunoassays for Detection of Antibodies to Extractable Nuclear Antibodies Using Clinically Defined Sera (Susan S. Copple, Thomas B. Martins, Charlin Masterson, Erwann Joly, Harry R. Hill).53. Identification of Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein, a Potential Autoantigen, in Human and Rat Brain Preparations (Catrin Ball-Rosen, Hagit Primak-Rubinovicz, Amos D. Korczyn, Ningshan Wang, Adel Farchi, Sara Shavit, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Joab Chapman).54. An Analysis of Experimental 2Glycoprotein I Elisa Assay Results: Conditions Influencing the Anti- (Anna Cavazzana, Amelia Ruffatti, Marta Tonello,bAnna Maria Bortolati, Philippe de Moerloose, Guido Reber).55. Development of Automated Assays for Anti Cardiolipin Antibodies Determination: Addressing Antigen/Solid-Phase and Standardization Issues (Francesco Capuano, Valentina Grasso, L. Belforte, Luca Pallavicini, Fabrizio Bonelli).56. Biological and Clinical Relevance of Anti-Prothrombin Antibodies (Anna Ghirardello, Nicola Bizzaro, Sandra Zampieri, Luca Iaccarino, Nicola Bassi, Renato Tozzoli, Amelia Ruffatti, Danilo Villalta, Elio Tonutti, Andrea Doria).57. Clinical Evaluation of a New Quantitative Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Double Stranded DNA Autoantibodies (Nathalie Bardin, Celine Ragot, Marielle Sanmarco).58. Characterization of Autoantibodies Against Components of the Nuclear Pore Complexes: High Frequency of Anti-p62 Nucleoporin Antibodies (Jozefa Wesierska-Gadek, Anna Klima, Oxana Komina, Carmen Ranftler, Pietro Invernizzi, Edward Penner).59. Anti-Cardiolipin and Anti-Beta2Glycoprotein-I Antibdies: Performance of New Commercial Elisa Kits (Laura Andreoli, Fabio Malacarne, Angela Ceribelli, Iris Kutschera, Angela Tincani).60. A Combined SDS-PAGE and Proteomics Approach to Identify Target Autoantigens in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Autoimmune Diseases (Philippe Guilpain, Amélie Servettaz, Mathieu C. Tamby, Youri Chanseaud, Nicolas Tamas, Paloma Garcia de la Pena-Lefebvre, Cédric Broussard, Luc Camoin, Luc Mouthon).61. Anti-Vitamin D, Vitamin D in SLE: Preliminary Results (Jozélio Freire de Carvalho, Miri Blank, Emese Kiss, Tunde Tarr, Howard Amital, Yehuda Shoenfeld).Index of Contributors.

M. Eric Gershwin is the editor of Autoimmunity, Part A: Basic Principles and New Diagnostic Tools, Volume 1109, published by Wiley. Yehuda Shoenfeld is an Israeli physician and autoimmunity researcher.

• Foreword (M. Eric Gershwin and Yehuda Shoenfeld). Part I: New Principles of Autoimmunity.1. The Nature and Nurture of Common Autoimmunity (John Castiblanco and Juan-Manuel Anaya).2. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins as Anti-Idiotypic Binding Molecules (Monique Vogel, Elsbeth Keller-Gautschi, Michael J. Baumann, Patrick Amstutz, Christine Ruf, Franz Kricek, Beda M. Stadler).3. SLAM-Associated Protein (SAP) Solves a Mystery of Autoimmunity: (Shigemasa Sawada, Masami Takei, Tetsuyosi Ishiwata, Hidetaka Shiraiwa, Hirotake Inomata, Takamasa Nozaki).4. Standardization of Autoimmune Diagnostics in Germany – Activities of the German Group in the European Autoimmune Standardisation Initiative (Ulrich Sack, Karsten Conrad, Elena Csernok, Ingrid Frank, Michael Haass, Torsten Krieger, Michael Seyfarth, Udo Schlosser, Reinhold E. Schmidt, Torsten Witte).5. Autoimmunity and Time Entanglement (Juan I. Poo, Pablo I. Martin, Enrique Rewald).6. The Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Interleukin-12 (Hyun-Dong Chang, Andreas Radbruch).7. NKG2D and Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors Are Involved in Natural Killer Cell Interaction with Self-Antigen Presenting Cells and Stromal Cells (Poggi Alessandro, Prevosto Claudia, Zancolli Marta, Paolo Canevali, Alessandra Musso, Zocchi Maria Raffaella).8. The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in HMGB1 Release from Macrophages (David S. Pisetsky, Weiwen Jiang).9. Immune Complex Pathophysiology (Urs E. Nydegger).10. Human Proteinase 3 (PR3) and Its Binding Molecules: Implications for Inflammatory and PR3-Related Autoimmune Responses (Antje Müller, Jan Voswinkel, Stefan Gottschlich, Elena Csernok).11. Loss of Self-Control in the Complement System and Innate Autoreactivity (Seppo Meri).12. Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Phenomena in Female Hyper IgM Syndrome (HIGM) (Melegari Alessandra, Mascia Maria Teresa, Sandri Gilda, Carbonieri Anna).13. Autoimmune Diseases of Domestic Animals (Laurel J. Gershwin).14. Prediction and Prevention of Autoimmune Disease: A Personal Perspective (Noel R. Rose).15. Alterations of Th1/Th2 Reactivity by Heavy Metals: Possible Consequences Include Induction of Autoimmune Diseases (Nasr Y.A. Hemdan, Frank Emmrich, Sonya Faber, Ulrich Sack).16. EASI – The European Autoimmunity Standardisation Initiative: A New Initiative That Can Contribute to Agreed Diagnostic Models of Diagnosing Autoimmune Disorders Throughout Europe (Yehuda Shoenfeld, Ricard Cervera, Michael Haass, Cees Kallenberg, Munther Khamashta, Pier Luigi Meroni, Jean-Charles Piette, Reinhold Schmidt, Allan Wiik).17. Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Are Resistant to Apoptosis (Sudhir Gupta, Sastry Gollapudi).18. Two-Step Mechanism of Virus-Induced Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (Jean-Paul Coutelier, Laurent Detalle, Andrei Musaji, Mory Meite, Shozo Izui).19. Autoimmune Reactions After Electro-Oxidation of IgG from Healthy Persons. Relevance of Electric Current and Antioxidants (Borut Bozic, Sasa Cucnik, Tanja Kveder, Blaz Rozman).20. Autoimmune Diseases Are Connected With Disturbances In Cytokine Synthesis and Therapy With IFN-g Blockers Is Their Main Pathogenetic Treatment (Boris Skurkovich, Simon Skurkovich).Part II: New Tools in Diagnosis.21. Screening of Endothelial Expression Libraries for the Identification of Novel Autoantigens Involved in Distinct Autoimmune Diseases Characterized by Endothelial Dysfunction (Paola Margutti, Federica Delunardo, Tania Colasanti, Ettore Piro, Elisabetta Profumo, Rachele Riganò, Alessandra Siracusano, Brigitta Buttari, Fabrizio Conti, Cristiano Alessandri, Antonella Capozzi, Maurizio Sorice, Elena Ortona).22. Diagnosing Diseases by Mesurement of Electrical Skin Impedance: A Novel Technique (Rony Weitzen, Nava Epstein, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Eyal Zimlichman).23. Antigen Preparation for Immunological Studies in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (Sandra Zampieri, Anna Ghirardello, Katia Rossini, Luca Iaccarino, Nicola Bassi, Fabiola Atzeni, PierCarlo Sarzi-Puttini, Andrea Doria).24. Comparison of Two Elisa Assays for Anti-SP100 Determination (José Manuel Lucena, Marcos Montes Cano, José Luis Caro, Nieves Respaldiza, Antonia Alvarez, Julio Sánchez-Román, Antonio Núñez-Roldán, Ingeborg Wichmann).25. Diagnostic Accuracy of IgA Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody Assays in Celiac Disease Patients with Selective IgA Deficiency (D. Villalta, M.G. Alessio, M. Tampoia, E. Tonutti, I. Brusca, M. Bagnasco, G. Pesce, N. Bizzaro).26. Anti-Topoisomerase 1 Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis: How to Improve the Detection (Mathieu C. Tamby, Guillaume Bussone, Luc Mouthon).27. The Effect of Open Heart Surgery on Tuberculin Skin Test Reactivity (Michal Stein, Batia Sela-Razon, Ilan Linder, Eli Somekh).28. The Reliability of Control Skin Tests with Common Antigens in Children Undergoing Tuberculin Skin Test (Michal Stein, Batia Sela-Razon, Yeshayaou Kleter, Eli Somekh).29. Ena Screen Chemiluminescence Immunoassay: A Random Access Method in Autoimmunology (S. Signorini, I. Kutschera, F. Capuano, L. Lattuada).30. Evaluation of the BioPlex 2200™ ANA Screen for the Detection of Anti-Nuclear Antibodies and Comparison with Conventional Methods (Sophie Desplat-Jego, Nathalie Bardin, Bruno Larida, Marielle Sanmarco).31. A New Line Immunoassay for the Multiparametric Detection of Anti-Ganglioside Autoantibodies in Patients with Autoimmune Peripheral Neuropathies (Karsten Conrad, Hauke Schneider, Tjalf Ziemssen, Thomas Talaska, Dirk Reinhold, Rene-Louis Humbel, Dirk Roggenbuck).32. Lipocalin-2, Tweak and Other Cytokines as Urinary Biomarkers for Lupus Nephritis (Noa Schwartz, Jennifer S. Michaelson, Chaim Putterman).33. The Prevalence of Anti-Nucleosome Antibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Other Autoimmune Systemic Diseases (I. Putova, C. Dostal, R. Becvar).34. Predictive Value of Antibodies to Citrullinated Peptides and Rheumatoid inbFactors Treated Patients (Francesca Bobbio-Pallavicini, Roberto Caporali, Anti-TNF- Claudia Alpini, Remigio Moratti, Carlomaurizio Montecucco).35. Redox-Reactive Autoantibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluids (John A. McIntyre, Ronald L. Hamilton, Steven T. DeKosky).36. Determination of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins 2GPI Complexes for the (OxLDL) Versus OxLDL/ Atherosclerosis (Luis R.bAssessment of Autoimmune-Mediated Lopez, Tammmy R. Buckner, Beth L. Hurley, Kazuko Kobayashi, Eiji Matsuura).37. Serological and Clinical Characterization of Anti-dsDNA and Anti-PM/Scl Double Positive Patients (M. Mahler, E.L. Greidinger, M. Szmyrka, A. Kromminga, M.J. Fritzler).38. Performance of ANA CTD Screen as Screening for Connective Tissue Diseases (Marcos López-Hoyos, Vicente Rodríguez-Valverde, Victoria Martinez-Taboada).39. Multiplex Assays to Diagnose Celiac Disease (Ivo Lochman, Peter Martis, Rufus W. Burlingame, Alexandra Lochmanová).40. Could Serum Antibody to Poly(ADP-ribose) and/or Histone H1 be Marker for Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (Y. Kanai, H. Akatsu, H. Iizuka, C. Morimoto).41. Identification by Proteomic Tool of Atypical Anti-Liver/Kidney-Microsome Autoantibodies Targets in de novo Auto-Immune Hepatitis After Liver Transplantation (S. Huguet, J. Vinh, C. Johanet, D. Samuel, M. Gigou, O. Zamfir, J.C. Duclos-Vallee, E. Ballot).42. Automatic Analysis of Immunofluorescence Patterns of HEP-2 Cells (Rico Hiemann, Nadja Hilger, Jörg Michel, Jörg Nitschke, Alexander Böhm, Ursula Anderer, Martin Weigert, Ulrich Sack).43. Exploring cDNA Phage Display for Autoantibody Profiling in Serum of Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Optimization of the Selection Procedure (C. Govarts, K. Somers, R. Hupperts, P. Stinissen, V. Somers).44. Novel Biomarkers in Autoimmune Diseases Prolactin, Ferritin, Vitamin D and TPA Levels in Autoimmune Diseases (Hedi Orbach, Gisele Zandman-Goddard, Howard Amital, Vivian Barak, Zoltan Szekanecz, Gabriella Szucs, Katalin Danko, Endre Nagy, Tunde Csepany, Jozelio F. Carvalho, Andrea Doria, Yehuda Shoenfeld).45. Evaluation of Current Methods for the Measurement of Serum Anti-Double Stranded DNA Antibodies (Anna Ghirardello, Danilo Villalta, Gabriella Morozzi, Antonella Afeltra, Mauro Galeazzi, Robert Gerli, Alessandro Mathieu, Pier Luigi Meroni, Paola Migliorini, Antonella Radice, Valeria Riccieri, Amelia Ruffatti, Gian Domenico Sebastiani, Angela Tincani, Andrea Doria).46. Evaluation of the Liaison ANA Screen Assay for Antinuclear Antibody Testing in Autoimmune Diseases (P. Ghillani, A.M. Rouquette, C. Desgruelles, N. Hauguel, C. Le Pendeven, J.C. Piette, L. Musset).47. Clinical Significance of Anti-Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase (Jo1) Autoantibodies (Emeline Gomard-Mennesson, Nicole Fabien, Jean-Francois Cordier, Jacques Ninet, Jacques Tebib, Hugues Rousset).48. Antinucleosome Antibodies and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Nursen Düzgün, Mehmet Sahin, Yasemin Genç, Hüseyin Tutkak).49. Protein Expression Profile of Celiac Disease Patient with Aberrant T-Cell By Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis (Valli De Re, Maria Paola Simula, Laura Caggiari, Nicoletta Ortz, Michele Spina, Alessandro Da ponte, Leandro De Appolonia, Riccardo Dolcetti, Vincenzo Canzonieri, Renato Cannizzaro).50. The Chemokine Profile of the Different Inflammatory Myopathies Reflects the Humoral Versus Cytotoxic Immune Responses (Boel De Paepe, Kim K. Creus, Jan L De Bleecker).51. Evaluation of the FIDIS Multiplex Immunoassay for Diagnosis and Follow-Up of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis and Goodpasture’s Disease (J. Damoiseaux, M. Vaessen, Y. Knapen, E. Csernok, C.A. Stegeman, P. van Paassen, J.W. Cohen Tervaert).52. Comparison of Three Multiplex Immmunoassays for Detection of Antibodies to Extractable Nuclear Antibodies Using Clinically Defined Sera (Susan S. Copple, Thomas B. Martins, Charlin Masterson, Erwann Joly, Harry R. Hill).53. Identification of Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein, a Potential Autoantigen, in Human and Rat Brain Preparations (Catrin Ball-Rosen, Hagit Primak-Rubinovicz, Amos D. Korczyn, Ningshan Wang, Adel Farchi, Sara Shavit, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Joab Chapman).54. An Analysis of Experimental 2Glycoprotein I Elisa Assay Results: Conditions Influencing the Anti- (Anna Cavazzana, Amelia Ruffatti, Marta Tonello,bAnna Maria Bortolati, Philippe de Moerloose, Guido Reber).55. Development of Automated Assays for Anti Cardiolipin Antibodies Determination: Addressing Antigen/Solid-Phase and Standardization Issues (Francesco Capuano, Valentina Grasso, L. Belforte, Luca Pallavicini, Fabrizio Bonelli).56. Biological and Clinical Relevance of Anti-Prothrombin Antibodies (Anna Ghirardello, Nicola Bizzaro, Sandra Zampieri, Luca Iaccarino, Nicola Bassi, Renato Tozzoli, Amelia Ruffatti, Danilo Villalta, Elio Tonutti, Andrea Doria).57. Clinical Evaluation of a New Quantitative Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Double Stranded DNA Autoantibodies (Nathalie Bardin, Celine Ragot, Marielle Sanmarco).58. Characterization of Autoantibodies Against Components of the Nuclear Pore Complexes: High Frequency of Anti-p62 Nucleoporin Antibodies (Jozefa Wesierska-Gadek, Anna Klima, Oxana Komina, Carmen Ranftler, Pietro Invernizzi, Edward Penner).59. Anti-Cardiolipin and Anti-Beta2Glycoprotein-I Antibdies: Performance of New Commercial Elisa Kits (Laura Andreoli, Fabio Malacarne, Angela Ceribelli, Iris Kutschera, Angela Tincani).60. A Combined SDS-PAGE and Proteomics Approach to Identify Target Autoantigens in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Autoimmune Diseases (Philippe Guilpain, Amélie Servettaz, Mathieu C. Tamby, Youri Chanseaud, Nicolas Tamas, Paloma Garcia de la Pena-Lefebvre, Cédric Broussard, Luc Camoin, Luc Mouthon).61. Anti-Vitamin D, Vitamin D in SLE: Preliminary Results (Jozélio Freire de Carvalho, Miri Blank, Emese Kiss, Tunde Tarr, Howard Amital, Yehuda Shoenfeld).Index of Contributors.

M. Eric Gershwin is the editor of Autoimmunity, Part A: Basic Principles and New Diagnostic Tools, Volume 1109, published by Wiley. Yehuda Shoenfeld is an Israeli physician and autoimmunity researcher.

• Foreword (M. Eric Gershwin and Yehuda Shoenfeld). Part I: New Principles of Autoimmunity.1. The Nature and Nurture of Common Autoimmunity (John Castiblanco and Juan-Manuel Anaya).2. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins as Anti-Idiotypic Binding Molecules (Monique Vogel, Elsbeth Keller-Gautschi, Michael J. Baumann, Patrick Amstutz, Christine Ruf, Franz Kricek, Beda M. Stadler).3. SLAM-Associated Protein (SAP) Solves a Mystery of Autoimmunity: (Shigemasa Sawada, Masami Takei, Tetsuyosi Ishiwata, Hidetaka Shiraiwa, Hirotake Inomata, Takamasa Nozaki).4. Standardization of Autoimmune Diagnostics in Germany – Activities of the German Group in the European Autoimmune Standardisation Initiative (Ulrich Sack, Karsten Conrad, Elena Csernok, Ingrid Frank, Michael Haass, Torsten Krieger, Michael Seyfarth, Udo Schlosser, Reinhold E. Schmidt, Torsten Witte).5. Autoimmunity and Time Entanglement (Juan I. Poo, Pablo I. Martin, Enrique Rewald).6. The Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Interleukin-12 (Hyun-Dong Chang, Andreas Radbruch).7. NKG2D and Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors Are Involved in Natural Killer Cell Interaction with Self-Antigen Presenting Cells and Stromal Cells (Poggi Alessandro, Prevosto Claudia, Zancolli Marta, Paolo Canevali, Alessandra Musso, Zocchi Maria Raffaella).8. The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in HMGB1 Release from Macrophages (David S. Pisetsky, Weiwen Jiang).9. Immune Complex Pathophysiology (Urs E. Nydegger).10. Human Proteinase 3 (PR3) and Its Binding Molecules: Implications for Inflammatory and PR3-Related Autoimmune Responses (Antje Müller, Jan Voswinkel, Stefan Gottschlich, Elena Csernok).11. Loss of Self-Control in the Complement System and Innate Autoreactivity (Seppo Meri).12. Immunodeficiency and Autoimmune Phenomena in Female Hyper IgM Syndrome (HIGM) (Melegari Alessandra, Mascia Maria Teresa, Sandri Gilda, Carbonieri Anna).13. Autoimmune Diseases of Domestic Animals (Laurel J. Gershwin).14. Prediction and Prevention of Autoimmune Disease: A Personal Perspective (Noel R. Rose).15. Alterations of Th1/Th2 Reactivity by Heavy Metals: Possible Consequences Include Induction of Autoimmune Diseases (Nasr Y.A. Hemdan, Frank Emmrich, Sonya Faber, Ulrich Sack).16. EASI – The European Autoimmunity Standardisation Initiative: A New Initiative That Can Contribute to Agreed Diagnostic Models of Diagnosing Autoimmune Disorders Throughout Europe (Yehuda Shoenfeld, Ricard Cervera, Michael Haass, Cees Kallenberg, Munther Khamashta, Pier Luigi Meroni, Jean-Charles Piette, Reinhold Schmidt, Allan Wiik).17. Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Are Resistant to Apoptosis (Sudhir Gupta, Sastry Gollapudi).18. Two-Step Mechanism of Virus-Induced Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (Jean-Paul Coutelier, Laurent Detalle, Andrei Musaji, Mory Meite, Shozo Izui).19. Autoimmune Reactions After Electro-Oxidation of IgG from Healthy Persons. Relevance of Electric Current and Antioxidants (Borut Bozic, Sasa Cucnik, Tanja Kveder, Blaz Rozman).20. Autoimmune Diseases Are Connected With Disturbances In Cytokine Synthesis and Therapy With IFN-g Blockers Is Their Main Pathogenetic Treatment (Boris Skurkovich, Simon Skurkovich).Part II: New Tools in Diagnosis.21. Screening of Endothelial Expression Libraries for the Identification of Novel Autoantigens Involved in Distinct Autoimmune Diseases Characterized by Endothelial Dysfunction (Paola Margutti, Federica Delunardo, Tania Colasanti, Ettore Piro, Elisabetta Profumo, Rachele Riganò, Alessandra Siracusano, Brigitta Buttari, Fabrizio Conti, Cristiano Alessandri, Antonella Capozzi, Maurizio Sorice, Elena Ortona).22. Diagnosing Diseases by Mesurement of Electrical Skin Impedance: A Novel Technique (Rony Weitzen, Nava Epstein, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Eyal Zimlichman).23. Antigen Preparation for Immunological Studies in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (Sandra Zampieri, Anna Ghirardello, Katia Rossini, Luca Iaccarino, Nicola Bassi, Fabiola Atzeni, PierCarlo Sarzi-Puttini, Andrea Doria).24. Comparison of Two Elisa Assays for Anti-SP100 Determination (José Manuel Lucena, Marcos Montes Cano, José Luis Caro, Nieves Respaldiza, Antonia Alvarez, Julio Sánchez-Román, Antonio Núñez-Roldán, Ingeborg Wichmann).25. Diagnostic Accuracy of IgA Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody Assays in Celiac Disease Patients with Selective IgA Deficiency (D. Villalta, M.G. Alessio, M. Tampoia, E. Tonutti, I. Brusca, M. Bagnasco, G. Pesce, N. Bizzaro).26. Anti-Topoisomerase 1 Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis: How to Improve the Detection (Mathieu C. Tamby, Guillaume Bussone, Luc Mouthon).27. The Effect of Open Heart Surgery on Tuberculin Skin Test Reactivity (Michal Stein, Batia Sela-Razon, Ilan Linder, Eli Somekh).28. The Reliability of Control Skin Tests with Common Antigens in Children Undergoing Tuberculin Skin Test (Michal Stein, Batia Sela-Razon, Yeshayaou Kleter, Eli Somekh).29. Ena Screen Chemiluminescence Immunoassay: A Random Access Method in Autoimmunology (S. Signorini, I. Kutschera, F. Capuano, L. Lattuada).30. Evaluation of the BioPlex 2200™ ANA Screen for the Detection of Anti-Nuclear Antibodies and Comparison with Conventional Methods (Sophie Desplat-Jego, Nathalie Bardin, Bruno Larida, Marielle Sanmarco).31. A New Line Immunoassay for the Multiparametric Detection of Anti-Ganglioside Autoantibodies in Patients with Autoimmune Peripheral Neuropathies (Karsten Conrad, Hauke Schneider, Tjalf Ziemssen, Thomas Talaska, Dirk Reinhold, Rene-Louis Humbel, Dirk Roggenbuck).32. Lipocalin-2, Tweak and Other Cytokines as Urinary Biomarkers for Lupus Nephritis (Noa Schwartz, Jennifer S. Michaelson, Chaim Putterman).33. The Prevalence of Anti-Nucleosome Antibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Other Autoimmune Systemic Diseases (I. Putova, C. Dostal, R. Becvar).34. Predictive Value of Antibodies to Citrullinated Peptides and Rheumatoid inbFactors Treated Patients (Francesca Bobbio-Pallavicini, Roberto Caporali, Anti-TNF- Claudia Alpini, Remigio Moratti, Carlomaurizio Montecucco).35. Redox-Reactive Autoantibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluids (John A. McIntyre, Ronald L. Hamilton, Steven T. DeKosky).36. Determination of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins 2GPI Complexes for the (OxLDL) Versus OxLDL/ Atherosclerosis (Luis R.bAssessment of Autoimmune-Mediated Lopez, Tammmy R. Buckner, Beth L. Hurley, Kazuko Kobayashi, Eiji Matsuura).37. Serological and Clinical Characterization of Anti-dsDNA and Anti-PM/Scl Double Positive Patients (M. Mahler, E.L. Greidinger, M. Szmyrka, A. Kromminga, M.J. Fritzler).38. Performance of ANA CTD Screen as Screening for Connective Tissue Diseases (Marcos López-Hoyos, Vicente Rodríguez-Valverde, Victoria Martinez-Taboada).39. Multiplex Assays to Diagnose Celiac Disease (Ivo Lochman, Peter Martis, Rufus W. Burlingame, Alexandra Lochmanová).40. Could Serum Antibody to Poly(ADP-ribose) and/or Histone H1 be Marker for Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (Y. Kanai, H. Akatsu, H. Iizuka, C. Morimoto).41. Identification by Proteomic Tool of Atypical Anti-Liver/Kidney-Microsome Autoantibodies Targets in de novo Auto-Immune Hepatitis After Liver Transplantation (S. Huguet, J. Vinh, C. Johanet, D. Samuel, M. Gigou, O. Zamfir, J.C. Duclos-Vallee, E. Ballot).42. Automatic Analysis of Immunofluorescence Patterns of HEP-2 Cells (Rico Hiemann, Nadja Hilger, Jörg Michel, Jörg Nitschke, Alexander Böhm, Ursula Anderer, Martin Weigert, Ulrich Sack).43. Exploring cDNA Phage Display for Autoantibody Profiling in Serum of Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Optimization of the Selection Procedure (C. Govarts, K. Somers, R. Hupperts, P. Stinissen, V. Somers).44. Novel Biomarkers in Autoimmune Diseases Prolactin, Ferritin, Vitamin D and TPA Levels in Autoimmune Diseases (Hedi Orbach, Gisele Zandman-Goddard, Howard Amital, Vivian Barak, Zoltan Szekanecz, Gabriella Szucs, Katalin Danko, Endre Nagy, Tunde Csepany, Jozelio F. Carvalho, Andrea Doria, Yehuda Shoenfeld).45. Evaluation of Current Methods for the Measurement of Serum Anti-Double Stranded DNA Antibodies (Anna Ghirardello, Danilo Villalta, Gabriella Morozzi, Antonella Afeltra, Mauro Galeazzi, Robert Gerli, Alessandro Mathieu, Pier Luigi Meroni, Paola Migliorini, Antonella Radice, Valeria Riccieri, Amelia Ruffatti, Gian Domenico Sebastiani, Angela Tincani, Andrea Doria).46. Evaluation of the Liaison ANA Screen Assay for Antinuclear Antibody Testing in Autoimmune Diseases (P. Ghillani, A.M. Rouquette, C. Desgruelles, N. Hauguel, C. Le Pendeven, J.C. Piette, L. Musset).47. Clinical Significance of Anti-Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase (Jo1) Autoantibodies (Emeline Gomard-Mennesson, Nicole Fabien, Jean-Francois Cordier, Jacques Ninet, Jacques Tebib, Hugues Rousset).48. Antinucleosome Antibodies and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Nursen Düzgün, Mehmet Sahin, Yasemin Genç, Hüseyin Tutkak).49. Protein Expression Profile of Celiac Disease Patient with Aberrant T-Cell By Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis (Valli De Re, Maria Paola Simula, Laura Caggiari, Nicoletta Ortz, Michele Spina, Alessandro Da ponte, Leandro De Appolonia, Riccardo Dolcetti, Vincenzo Canzonieri, Renato Cannizzaro).50. The Chemokine Profile of the Different Inflammatory Myopathies Reflects the Humoral Versus Cytotoxic Immune Responses (Boel De Paepe, Kim K. Creus, Jan L De Bleecker).51. Evaluation of the FIDIS Multiplex Immunoassay for Diagnosis and Follow-Up of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis and Goodpasture’s Disease (J. Damoiseaux, M. Vaessen, Y. Knapen, E. Csernok, C.A. Stegeman, P. van Paassen, J.W. Cohen Tervaert).52. Comparison of Three Multiplex Immmunoassays for Detection of Antibodies to Extractable Nuclear Antibodies Using Clinically Defined Sera (Susan S. Copple, Thomas B. Martins, Charlin Masterson, Erwann Joly, Harry R. Hill).53. Identification of Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein, a Potential Autoantigen, in Human and Rat Brain Preparations (Catrin Ball-Rosen, Hagit Primak-Rubinovicz, Amos D. Korczyn, Ningshan Wang, Adel Farchi, Sara Shavit, Yehuda Shoenfeld, Joab Chapman).54. An Analysis of Experimental 2Glycoprotein I Elisa Assay Results: Conditions Influencing the Anti- (Anna Cavazzana, Amelia Ruffatti, Marta Tonello,bAnna Maria Bortolati, Philippe de Moerloose, Guido Reber).55. Development of Automated Assays for Anti Cardiolipin Antibodies Determination: Addressing Antigen/Solid-Phase and Standardization Issues (Francesco Capuano, Valentina Grasso, L. Belforte, Luca Pallavicini, Fabrizio Bonelli).56. Biological and Clinical Relevance of Anti-Prothrombin Antibodies (Anna Ghirardello, Nicola Bizzaro, Sandra Zampieri, Luca Iaccarino, Nicola Bassi, Renato Tozzoli, Amelia Ruffatti, Danilo Villalta, Elio Tonutti, Andrea Doria).57. Clinical Evaluation of a New Quantitative Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Double Stranded DNA Autoantibodies (Nathalie Bardin, Celine Ragot, Marielle Sanmarco).58. Characterization of Autoantibodies Against Components of the Nuclear Pore Complexes: High Frequency of Anti-p62 Nucleoporin Antibodies (Jozefa Wesierska-Gadek, Anna Klima, Oxana Komina, Carmen Ranftler, Pietro Invernizzi, Edward Penner).59. Anti-Cardiolipin and Anti-Beta2Glycoprotein-I Antibdies: Performance of New Commercial Elisa Kits (Laura Andreoli, Fabio Malacarne, Angela Ceribelli, Iris Kutschera, Angela Tincani).60. A Combined SDS-PAGE and Proteomics Approach to Identify Target Autoantigens in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Autoimmune Diseases (Philippe Guilpain, Amélie Servettaz, Mathieu C. Tamby, Youri Chanseaud, Nicolas Tamas, Paloma Garcia de la Pena-Lefebvre, Cédric Broussard, Luc Camoin, Luc Mouthon).61. Anti-Vitamin D, Vitamin D in SLE: Preliminary Results (Jozélio Freire de Carvalho, Miri Blank, Emese Kiss, Tunde Tarr, Howard Amital, Yehuda Shoenfeld).Index of Contributors.