Abdulla Watad is a specialist in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology at the Sheba Medical Center affiliated with the Tel Aviv University in Israel and a visiting researcher in rheumatology at Leeds University, UK. Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, MD, PhD, is a specialist in public health, biophysics, and immunology, and is included in the ISI/Clarivate 2023 list of Highly Cited Researchers, as one of the 1% of the world’s top influential researchers and scientists. Yehuda Shoenfeld is a leader in the field of autoimmunity and founder and head of the Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases in the Sheba Medical Center. He is affiliated with the Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel. His h-index is over 130 and he is an author of over 2000 scientific articles and many textbooks in autoimmunity.

• List of Contributors viiIntroduction xiiiAbdulla Watad, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, and Yehuda Sheonfeld1 Hyperstimulation of the Immune System 1Hadas Hodadov and Abdulla Watad2 Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA): Genetics, Immunization, and Autoimmunity 7Carlo Perricone, Elena Bartoloni Bocci, and Roberto Gerli3 Vaccine Adjuvants: History, Role, Mechanisms of Action, and Side Effects 15Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Abdulla Watad, and Yehuda Shoenfeld4 Commonly Used Food Additives Are Nutritional Adjuvants in ASIA Syndrome 29Aaron Lerner and Carina Benzvi5 Silicone Implant Incompatibility Syndrome 51Vânia Borba and Yehuda Shoenfeld7 Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA or Shoenfeld’s Syndrome) Due to Polypropylene Mesh Implants 67Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert and Mohammed Osman8 Vaccines, Vaccinosis, and Autoimmunity 85Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Abdulla Watad, and Yehuda Shoenfeld9 Sustained Immune Activation in ASIA Syndrome – A Bridge to Lymphomagenesis 91Dana Butnaru10 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 107Kassem Sharif11 Autoantibodies and Autonomic Nervous System 117Iana Leineman, Varvara Ryabkova, and Natalia Gavrilova12 Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) as a Part of ASIA Syndrome 129Paula David6 Silicone Breast Implants (SBIs) and Autoimmune Dysautonomya 63Gilad Halpert, Abdulla Watad, Howard Amital, and Yehuda Shoenfeld13 Role of the Small-fiber Neuropathy in the Pathogenesis of ASIA Syndrome 137N. Gavrilova, E. Kamaeva, M. Lukashenko, and L. Soprun14 Tattoo as a Possible Trigger for Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants 147Paula David15 The Sick Building Syndrome as a Part of the Autoimmune (Autoinflammatory) Syndrome Induced by Adjuvant 155Asher Pardo and Eitan Israeli22 Sjögren’s Syndrome as a Proof of Concept of the Hyperstimulation Syndrome 265Vânia Borba and Yehuda Shoenfeld23 Gluteal Biopolymer Injections as a Case of ASIA Syndrome 283Rojas-Villarraga Adriana, María Alejandra Martínez-Ceballos, Uribe Rosa, and Montealegre Giovanni16 Gulf War Syndrome (GWS) and ASIA Syndrome 167Efrosiniia Talalai17 Vaccinations in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases 181Isa Seida and Naim Mahroum18 Autoimmune Phenomena in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors 191Milena Tocut, Michael Ehrenfeld, and Gisele Zandman-Goddard19 Heavy Metals in Autoimmune Diseases: Too Much Noise in Autoimmunity 201Kassem Sharif and Howard Amital20 The Role of Bisphenol A in ASIA Syndrome 225Zora Lazurova21 Sarcoidosis and Autoimmune Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants: Is There a Connection? 247Anna Malkova, Yulia Zinchenko, Anna Starshinova, Igor Kudryavtsev, Piotr Yablonskiy, and Yehuda Shoenfeld24 The Chemical and Social Landscape of the Modern World and Increased Risk of ASIA 305Albert Pinhasov, Elena Shmerkin, and Michael Kirby25 Oil Injections and ASIA Syndrome 323Olga Vera-Lastra, Alberto Ordinola-Navarro, Abihai Lucas Hernández, Gabriela Medina, María P. Cruz-Domínguez, Gabriel M. Ramírez, and Luis J. Jara26 Metals in Dental Implants as a Trigger of Autoimmunity 337Arad Dotan and Yehuda Shoenfeld27 Conclusions: State of the Art and Prospects 341Abdulla Watad, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, and Yehuda ShoenfeldIndex 345

Abdulla Watad is a specialist in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology at the Sheba Medical Center affiliated with the Tel Aviv University in Israel and a visiting researcher in rheumatology at Leeds University, UK. Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, MD, PhD, is a specialist in public health, biophysics, and immunology, and is included in the ISI/Clarivate 2023 list of Highly Cited Researchers, as one of the 1% of the world’s top influential researchers and scientists. Yehuda Shoenfeld is a leader in the field of autoimmunity and founder and head of the Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases in the Sheba Medical Center. He is affiliated with the Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel. His h-index is over 130 and he is an author of over 2000 scientific articles and many textbooks in autoimmunity.

• List of Contributors viiIntroduction xiiiAbdulla Watad, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, and Yehuda Sheonfeld1 Hyperstimulation of the Immune System 1Hadas Hodadov and Abdulla Watad2 Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA): Genetics, Immunization, and Autoimmunity 7Carlo Perricone, Elena Bartoloni Bocci, and Roberto Gerli3 Vaccine Adjuvants: History, Role, Mechanisms of Action, and Side Effects 15Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Abdulla Watad, and Yehuda Shoenfeld4 Commonly Used Food Additives Are Nutritional Adjuvants in ASIA Syndrome 29Aaron Lerner and Carina Benzvi5 Silicone Implant Incompatibility Syndrome 51Vânia Borba and Yehuda Shoenfeld7 Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA or Shoenfeld’s Syndrome) Due to Polypropylene Mesh Implants 67Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert and Mohammed Osman8 Vaccines, Vaccinosis, and Autoimmunity 85Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Abdulla Watad, and Yehuda Shoenfeld9 Sustained Immune Activation in ASIA Syndrome – A Bridge to Lymphomagenesis 91Dana Butnaru10 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 107Kassem Sharif11 Autoantibodies and Autonomic Nervous System 117Iana Leineman, Varvara Ryabkova, and Natalia Gavrilova12 Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) as a Part of ASIA Syndrome 129Paula David6 Silicone Breast Implants (SBIs) and Autoimmune Dysautonomya 63Gilad Halpert, Abdulla Watad, Howard Amital, and Yehuda Shoenfeld13 Role of the Small-fiber Neuropathy in the Pathogenesis of ASIA Syndrome 137N. Gavrilova, E. Kamaeva, M. Lukashenko, and L. Soprun14 Tattoo as a Possible Trigger for Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants 147Paula David15 The Sick Building Syndrome as a Part of the Autoimmune (Autoinflammatory) Syndrome Induced by Adjuvant 155Asher Pardo and Eitan Israeli22 Sjögren’s Syndrome as a Proof of Concept of the Hyperstimulation Syndrome 265Vânia Borba and Yehuda Shoenfeld23 Gluteal Biopolymer Injections as a Case of ASIA Syndrome 283Rojas-Villarraga Adriana, María Alejandra Martínez-Ceballos, Uribe Rosa, and Montealegre Giovanni16 Gulf War Syndrome (GWS) and ASIA Syndrome 167Efrosiniia Talalai17 Vaccinations in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases 181Isa Seida and Naim Mahroum18 Autoimmune Phenomena in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors 191Milena Tocut, Michael Ehrenfeld, and Gisele Zandman-Goddard19 Heavy Metals in Autoimmune Diseases: Too Much Noise in Autoimmunity 201Kassem Sharif and Howard Amital20 The Role of Bisphenol A in ASIA Syndrome 225Zora Lazurova21 Sarcoidosis and Autoimmune Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants: Is There a Connection? 247Anna Malkova, Yulia Zinchenko, Anna Starshinova, Igor Kudryavtsev, Piotr Yablonskiy, and Yehuda Shoenfeld24 The Chemical and Social Landscape of the Modern World and Increased Risk of ASIA 305Albert Pinhasov, Elena Shmerkin, and Michael Kirby25 Oil Injections and ASIA Syndrome 323Olga Vera-Lastra, Alberto Ordinola-Navarro, Abihai Lucas Hernández, Gabriela Medina, María P. Cruz-Domínguez, Gabriel M. Ramírez, and Luis J. Jara26 Metals in Dental Implants as a Trigger of Autoimmunity 337Arad Dotan and Yehuda Shoenfeld27 Conclusions: State of the Art and Prospects 341Abdulla Watad, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, and Yehuda ShoenfeldIndex 345

Abdulla Watad is a specialist in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology at the Sheba Medical Center affiliated with the Tel Aviv University in Israel and a visiting researcher in rheumatology at Leeds University, UK. Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, MD, PhD, is a specialist in public health, biophysics, and immunology, and is included in the ISI/Clarivate 2023 list of Highly Cited Researchers, as one of the 1% of the world’s top influential researchers and scientists. Yehuda Shoenfeld is a leader in the field of autoimmunity and founder and head of the Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases in the Sheba Medical Center. He is affiliated with the Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel. His h-index is over 130 and he is an author of over 2000 scientific articles and many textbooks in autoimmunity.

• List of Contributors viiIntroduction xiiiAbdulla Watad, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, and Yehuda Sheonfeld1 Hyperstimulation of the Immune System 1Hadas Hodadov and Abdulla Watad2 Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA): Genetics, Immunization, and Autoimmunity 7Carlo Perricone, Elena Bartoloni Bocci, and Roberto Gerli3 Vaccine Adjuvants: History, Role, Mechanisms of Action, and Side Effects 15Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Abdulla Watad, and Yehuda Shoenfeld4 Commonly Used Food Additives Are Nutritional Adjuvants in ASIA Syndrome 29Aaron Lerner and Carina Benzvi5 Silicone Implant Incompatibility Syndrome 51Vânia Borba and Yehuda Shoenfeld7 Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA or Shoenfeld’s Syndrome) Due to Polypropylene Mesh Implants 67Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert and Mohammed Osman8 Vaccines, Vaccinosis, and Autoimmunity 85Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Abdulla Watad, and Yehuda Shoenfeld9 Sustained Immune Activation in ASIA Syndrome – A Bridge to Lymphomagenesis 91Dana Butnaru10 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 107Kassem Sharif11 Autoantibodies and Autonomic Nervous System 117Iana Leineman, Varvara Ryabkova, and Natalia Gavrilova12 Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) as a Part of ASIA Syndrome 129Paula David6 Silicone Breast Implants (SBIs) and Autoimmune Dysautonomya 63Gilad Halpert, Abdulla Watad, Howard Amital, and Yehuda Shoenfeld13 Role of the Small-fiber Neuropathy in the Pathogenesis of ASIA Syndrome 137N. Gavrilova, E. Kamaeva, M. Lukashenko, and L. Soprun14 Tattoo as a Possible Trigger for Autoimmune Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants 147Paula David15 The Sick Building Syndrome as a Part of the Autoimmune (Autoinflammatory) Syndrome Induced by Adjuvant 155Asher Pardo and Eitan Israeli22 Sjögren’s Syndrome as a Proof of Concept of the Hyperstimulation Syndrome 265Vânia Borba and Yehuda Shoenfeld23 Gluteal Biopolymer Injections as a Case of ASIA Syndrome 283Rojas-Villarraga Adriana, María Alejandra Martínez-Ceballos, Uribe Rosa, and Montealegre Giovanni16 Gulf War Syndrome (GWS) and ASIA Syndrome 167Efrosiniia Talalai17 Vaccinations in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases 181Isa Seida and Naim Mahroum18 Autoimmune Phenomena in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors 191Milena Tocut, Michael Ehrenfeld, and Gisele Zandman-Goddard19 Heavy Metals in Autoimmune Diseases: Too Much Noise in Autoimmunity 201Kassem Sharif and Howard Amital20 The Role of Bisphenol A in ASIA Syndrome 225Zora Lazurova21 Sarcoidosis and Autoimmune Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants: Is There a Connection? 247Anna Malkova, Yulia Zinchenko, Anna Starshinova, Igor Kudryavtsev, Piotr Yablonskiy, and Yehuda Shoenfeld24 The Chemical and Social Landscape of the Modern World and Increased Risk of ASIA 305Albert Pinhasov, Elena Shmerkin, and Michael Kirby25 Oil Injections and ASIA Syndrome 323Olga Vera-Lastra, Alberto Ordinola-Navarro, Abihai Lucas Hernández, Gabriela Medina, María P. Cruz-Domínguez, Gabriel M. Ramírez, and Luis J. Jara26 Metals in Dental Implants as a Trigger of Autoimmunity 337Arad Dotan and Yehuda Shoenfeld27 Conclusions: State of the Art and Prospects 341Abdulla Watad, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, and Yehuda ShoenfeldIndex 345