Audel HVAC Fundamentals, Volume 3

James E. Brumbaugh has spent twenty years in the residential and light commercial construction industry. An accomplished, hands-on educator, he has written more than fifteen books on HVAC, construction, and the building trades.

• Introduction xviiAbout the Author xixChapter 1 Radiant Heating 1Types of Radiant Panel Heating Systems 2Floor Panel Systems 2Ceiling Panel Systems 2Wall Panel Systems 5Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating 6System Components 6Designing a Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating System 28Coils and Coil Patterns 41Installing a Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating System (PEX Tubing) 44Servicing and Maintaining Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating Systems 49Troubleshooting Hydronic Floor Radiant Heating Systems 49Hydronic Radiant Heating Snow- and Ice-Melting Systems 51Electric Radiant Floor Heating 52Installing Electric Heating Mats or Rolls 58Installing Electric Cable 65Servicing and Maintaining an Electric Radiant Floor Heating System 67Troubleshooting Electric Radiant Floor Heating Systems 67Cooling for Hydronic Radiant Floor Systems 68Chapter 2 Radiators, Convectors, and Unit Heaters 71Radiators 72Radiator Efficiency 74Radiator Heat Output 77Sizing Radiators 78Installing Radiators 79Radiator Valves 86Radiator Piping Connections 92Vents and Venting 93Steam Traps 99Troubleshooting Radiators 99Convectors 100Convector Piping Connections 101Hydronic Fan Convectors 106Troubleshooting Hydronic Fan Convectors 106Steam and Hot-Water Baseboard Heaters 107Construction Details 108Integral Fin-and-Tube Baseboard Heaters 112Installing Baseboard Units 113Baseboard Heater Maintenance 119Electric Baseboard Heaters 119Installing Electric Baseboard Heaters 124Kickspace Heaters 127Floor and Window Recessed Heaters 129Unit Heaters 130Unit Heater Piping Connections 135Unit Heater Controls 138Gas-Fired Unit Heaters 140Oil-Fired Unit Heaters 141Chapter 3 Fireplaces, Stoves, and Chimneys 145Fireplaces 145Fireplace Location 145Fireplace Dimensions 146Fireplace Construction Details 149Firebox, Lintel, and Mantel 150Fireplace Hearth 151Ash Dump, Ashpit, and Cleanout Door 152Smoke Chamber 152Fireplace Dampers 153Modified Fireplaces 156Freestanding Fireplaces 157Rumford Fireplace 158Chimney Draft 162Chimney Construction Details 164Chimney Flues and Chimney Liners 165Smoke Pipe 167Cleanout Trap 168Chimney Downdraft 168Prefabricated Metal Chimneys 169Troubleshooting Fireplaces and Chimneys 169Stoves, Ranges, and Heaters 169Installation Instructions 177Operating Instructions 178Chapter 4 Water Heaters 179Types of Water Heaters 179Direct-Fired Water Heaters 180Automatic Storage Water Heaters 180Multicoil Water Heaters 182Multiflue Water Heaters 183Instantaneous Water Heaters 184Indirect Water Heaters 185Quick-Recovery Heaters 189Slow-Recovery Heaters 189Heat Pump Water Heaters 190Combination Water Heaters 191Water Heater Construction Details 192Water Storage Tanks 193Tank Fittings 194Dip Tubes 194Anodes 197Valves 197Safety ReliefValves 197Vacuum ReliefValve 206Gas-Fired Water Heaters 209Storage Capacity 209Gas Burners 210Automatic Controls on Gas-Fired Water Heaters 210Combination Gas Valve 221Installation and Operation of Gas-Fired Water Heaters 225Hot-Water Circulating Methods 230Building and Safety Code Requirements 230Lighting and Operating Instructions 231Installation and Maintenance Checklist 232Troubleshooting Gas-Fired Water Heaters 233Oil-Fired Water Heaters 238Electric Water Heaters 240Troubleshooting Electric Water Heaters 242Manual Water Heaters 245Assembly and Installation of Manual Water Heaters 246Solar Water Heaters 246Chapter 5 Heating Swimming Pools 249Classifying Pool Heaters 251Gas-Fired Pool Heaters 255Oil-Fired Pool Heaters 259Electric Pool Heaters 260Heat-Exchanger Pool Heaters 263Solar Pool Heaters 264Heat Pump Pool Heaters 267Sizing Pool Heaters 267The Surface-Area Method 270The Time-Rise Method 271Sizing Indoor Pool Heaters 271Installing Pool Heaters 271Pool Heater Repair and Maintenance 273Troubleshooting Pool Heaters and Equipment 274Chapter 6 Ventilation Principles 281The Motive Force 282Inductive Action of the Wind 282Induced Draft 285Combined Force of Wind Effect and Thermal Effect 285Mechanical Ventilation 287Air Ventilation Requirements 287Roof Ventilators 289Types of Roof Ventilators 289Stationary-Head Ventilators 290Revolving Ventilators 290Turbine Ventilators 291Ridge Ventilators 293Siphonage Ventilators 294Fan Ventilators 294Components of a Roof Ventilator 295Motive Force to Cause Air Circulation 296Capacity of Ventilators 296Design and Placement of Inlet Air Openings 298Fresh Air Requirements 299Ventilator Bases 299Angle Rings 302Stiffener Angles 303Prefabricated Roof Curbs 303Ventilator Dampers 304Louver Dampers 305Sliding Sleeve Dampers 306Sliding Cone Dampers 306Butterfly Dampers 306Method of Calculating Number and Size of Ventilators Required 307Ventilator Calculation Examples 308Air Leakage 309Garage Ventilation 310Ventilation of Kitchens 311General Ventilation Rules 312Chapter 7 Ventilation and Exhaust Fans 315Codes and Standards 315Definitions 315Types of Fans 317Furnace Blowers 319Basic Fan Laws 319Series and Parallel Fan Operation 321Fan Performance Curves 322General Ventilation 322Determining CFM by the Air-Change Method 323Determining CFM by the Heat Removal Method 325Determining Air Intake 326Screen Efficiency 326Static Pressure 327Local Ventilation 328Exhaust-Hood DesignRecommendations 332Fan Motors 333Troubleshooting Fans 337Fan Selection 341Fan Installation 344Fan Installation Checklist 344Air Volume Control 347Noise Control 347Fan Applications 347Attic Ventilating Fans 348Exhaust Fans 355Kitchen Exhaust Fans 355Bathroom Exhaust Fans 356Whole-House Ventilation 356Chapter 8 Air-Conditioning 361Properties of Air 362Humidity 362Temperature 365Pressure 368Compression and Cooling 370Measuring the Physical Properties of Air 372Cleaning and Filtering the Air 374Standards of Comfort 376The Comfort Chart 377Cooling Load Estimate Form 379Indoor-Outdoor Design Conditions 383Ventilation Requirements 384Cooling a Structure 386External Sources of Heat 386Internal Sources of Heat 392Calculating Infiltration and Ventilation Heat Gain 394Rule-of-Thumb Methods for Sizing Air Conditioners 394HVAC Contractor’s Cooling Load Estimate 395Using the ACCA Design Manuals for Sizing Air-Conditioning Systems 396Central Air-Conditioning 397Cooling Methods 397Central Air-Conditioning Applications 410Room Air Conditioners 421Chapter 9 Air-Conditioning Equipment 423Mechanical Refrigeration Equipment 423Compressors 424Troubleshooting Compressors 430Compressor Replacement 435Electric Motors 435Troubleshooting Electrical Motors 436Gas Engines 437Electrical Components 437Troubleshooting Electrical Components 438Condenser 439Condenser Service and Maintenance 442Troubleshooting Condensers 443Receiver 443Evaporator 447Evaporator Service and Maintenance 447Troubleshooting Evaporators 447Refrigerants 448Liquid Refrigerant Control Devices 449Automatic Expansion Valves 449Thermostatic Expansion Valves 450Float Valves 453Capillary Tubes 454Refrigerant Piping 454Refrigerant Piping Service andMaintenance 455Troubleshooting Refrigerant Piping 456Filters and Dryers 457Pressure-Limiting Controls 457Water-Regulating Valves 458Automatic Controls 459System Troubleshooting 459General Servicing and Maintenance 460Regular Maintenance 463Pumping Down 464Purging 464Evacuating the System 464Charging 465Silver-Brazing Repairs 467Chapter 10 Heat Pumps 471Heat Pump Operating Principles 471Heating Cycle 471Cooling Cycle 473Defrost Cycle 473Types of Heat Pumps 476Air-Source Heat Pumps 476Ground-Source Heat Pumps 481Water-Source Heat Pumps 483Other Types of Heat Pumps 485Gas-Fired Heat Pumps 485Dual-Fuel Heat Pump System 486Dual-Source Heat Pumps 486Ductless Heat Pumps 487Heat Pump Performance and Efficiency Ratings 487Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) 488Heating Season Performance Factor (HSPF) 488Coefficiency of Performance (COP) 488Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) 488Energy Star Rating 488Heat Pump System Components 488Compressor 490Indoor Coil and Blower 491Outdoor Coil and Fan 491Refrigerant Lines 491Reversing Valve and Solenoid 491Thermostatic Expansion Valve 493Desuperheater 494Control Box 494Fan/Blower Motors 499Heat Pump Defrost System 499High-Pressure Switch 500Low-Pressure Switch 501Other Electric/Electronic Heat Pump Controls and Connections 501Accumulator 501Room Thermostat 501Service Valves and Gauge Ports 502Gauge Manifold 503Filter Dryer 503Crankcase Heater 503Muffler 505Sizing Heat Pumps 505Heat Pump InstallationRecommendations 507Heat Pump Operating Instructions 510Heating 510Cooling 511Heat Pump Service and Maintenance 511Service and Maintenance Checklist 512Adjusting Heat Pump Refrigerant Charge 513Troubleshooting Heat Pumps 514Troubleshooting Heat PumpCompressors 517Chapter 11 Humidifiers and Dehumidifiers 519Humidifiers 521Spray Humidifiers 522Pan Humidifiers 523Stationary-Pad Humidifiers 524Steam Humidifiers 524Bypass Humidifiers 525Power Humidifiers 526Automatic Controls 526Installation Instructions 529Service and Maintenance Suggestions 534Troubleshooting Humidifiers 535Dehumidifiers 537Absorption Dehumidifiers 538Spray Dehumidifiers 541Refrigeration Dehumidifiers 541Automatic Controls 542Installation Suggestions 542Operating and Maintenance Suggestions 542Troubleshooting Dehumidifiers 543Chapter 12 Air Cleaners and Filters 547Electronic Air Cleaners 547Charged-Media Air Cleaners 549Two-Stage Air Cleaners 553Automatic Controls 554Clogged-Filter Indicator 556Performance Lights 557Sail Switch 559In-Place Water-Wash Controls 561Cabinet-Model Control Panels 563Installation Instructions 564Electrical Wiring 564Maintenance Instructions 565Replacing Tungsten Ionizing Wires 568Troubleshooting Electronic Air Cleaners 569Air Washers 571Air Filters 572Dry Air Filters 574Viscous Air Filters 574Filter Installation and Maintenance 575Appendix A Professional and Trade Associations 577Appendix B Manufacturers 589Appendix C HVAC/R Education, Training, Certification, and Licensing 601Appendix D Data Tables 605Appendix E Psychrometric Charts 643Index 647