Audel Basic Electronics

Paul Rosenberg is a leading voice in the electrical industry. A master electrician, he is an instructor at Iowa State University and has written for many major industry publications. He is the author of several Audel electrical guides, including Audel Electrician's Pocket Manual, 2nd Edition.

• About the Author xivChapter 1 What Is Electricity? 01The Invisible Force 01Amazing Usefulness 02The Invisible Twin 03Devices That Do Intelligent Work 04Summary 04Review Questions 05Chapter 2 The Primary Factors 07The Three Primaries 07Origins Inside of Atoms 09Key Terms 09The Basic Structure of an Atom 15Current 16Voltage 17Resistance 18Ohm’s Law 19Analogy of Ohm’s Law 20Illustrations of Ohm’s Law 21The Ohm’s Law Circle 23Power 24Magnetism 26Magnetic Poles 27Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substances 28The Earth as a Magnet 28Magnetic Lines of Force 29The Molecular Origins of Magnetism 30The Strength of a Magnet 31The Lifting Power of a Magnet 31Static Electricity 34Types of Current 38Insulators and Conductors 40Electromagnetism 41Galvanoscope 47Solenoids 47Summary 49Review Questions 49Exercises 50Chapter 3 Circuits 51Open and Closed Circuits 51Series and Parallel Circuits 52Series Circuits 52Parallel Circuits 52Series-Parallel Circuits 53Short Circuits 54Circuit Diagrams 56Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 58Voltage Measurements with Respect to Ground 60Batteries 61Principles of Parallel Circuits 68Shortcuts for Parallel Circuits 70Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Parallel Circuits 71Practical Problems in Parallel Circuits 72Parallel Connection of Cells 74Principles of Series-Parallel Circuits 76Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Series-Parallel Circuits 77Series-Parallel Connection of Cells 78Circuit Reduction 79Power in a Series-Parallel Circuit 82Three-Wire Distribution Circuit 83Thevenin’s Theorum 88Summary 91Review Questions 92Exercises 93Chapter 4 Alternating Current 95Alternating Current Characteristics 95Frequency 95Instantaneous and Effective Voltages 95Ohm’s Law in AC Circuits 98Power Laws in Resistive AC Circuits 100Combining AC Voltages 103Inductive and Capacitive Circuits 108Inductive Circuits 109Power in an Inductive Circuit 113Resistance in an AC Circuit 115Capacitive Reactance 119Capacitive Reactance and Resistance in Series 123Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Series 127Inductance and Resistance in Parallel 130Capacitance and Resistance in Parallel 132Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Parallel 134Principles of Electromagnetic Induction 135Laws of Electromagnetic Induction 136Self-Induction of a Coil 139Transformers 142Reversal of Induced Secondary Voltage 150Transformer Operation 151Windings and Voltages 152Recap and Formulas 155The Primaries 155Ohm’s Law 156Reactance 158Series Circuits 161Parallel Circuits 162Series-Parallel Circuits 164Formulas 166Summary 166Review Questions 168Exercises 169Chapter 5 Resonance 171RC Circuits 172RCL Circuit 173Parallel LC Circuit 177Series Resonant Circuits 178Parallel Resonant Circuits 180Uses of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 181Summary 183Review Questions 183Exercises 184Chapter 6 Semiconductors 185Doping and Molecular Structure 185P and N Types 186Vacuum Tube Devices 186The PN Junction 189Holes 191How the PN Junction Works 192PNP Junctions 194Transistors 197Summary 198Review Questions 200Exercises 200Chapter 7 Semiconductor Devices 201Diodes 201Diode Applications 202Types of Diodes 202Transistors 207Transistor Applications 209Types of Transistors 209Thyristors 213Triacs 215Summary 215Review Questions 216Exercises 216Chapter 8 Optoelectronics 217The Origins of Light 217The Nature of Light 218Wavelength 219Intensity 221Optoelectronic Devices 221Photodiodes 221Phototransistors 222Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 222Laser Diodes 222Optical Isolators 222Photoresistors 223Photomultipliers 223Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 223Summary 224Review Questions 225Exercises 226Chapter 9 Circuit Components 227Conductors 227Copper Wire 227Other Conductors 230Cables 230Connections 230Soldering 231Crimp Connectors 231Switches 232Fuses 234Resistors 236Capacitors 237Inductors 238Relays 238Transformers 243Overcurrent Protection 244Installation 245Power Supplies 246Working with Electronic Components 247Printed Circuit Boards 248Grounding 249Grounding Requirements 250Summary 250Review Questions 252Exercises 252Chapter 10 Filters 253Types of Filters 255Low-Pass Filters 256High-Pass Filters 258Band-Pass Filters 260Notch Filters 261Summary 262Review Questions 263Exercises 263Chapter 11 Amplifiers 265Signal Distortion 265Amplitude Distortion 266Frequency Distortion 266Clipping 266Crossover Distortion 267Phase Distortion 267Heterodyning 267Amplifier Classes 268Class A Amplifiers 268Class B Amplifiers 269Class C Amplifiers 269Transistor Coupling 270Direct Coupling 270RC Coupling 270Transformer Coupling 271Impedance Coupling 272Transistor Amplifiers 272Common-Base Circuits 272Common-Emitter Circuits 273Common-Collector Circuits 273Op-amps 274Summary 276Review Questions 277Exercises 278Chapter 12 Oscillators 279The Tank Circuit 279Timing 280Positive Feedback 281RC Timers 281Types of Oscillators 283Tuned-Base Oscillator 283RC Relaxation Oscillator 283Crystal Oscillators 285Additional Oscillators 286Summary 286Review Questions 288Exercises 288Chapter 13 Digital Electronics 289Digital and Data 289Binary Code 289Sending Binary Numbers 290Basic Logic Circuits 292Transistor Gates 294Combination Logic Circuits 296Sequential Logic Circuits 298Combination Logic Circuits 302Integrated Circuits 304Linear and Digital 306Summary 306Review Questions 308Exercises 309Chapter 14 Fiber Optics 311Light Recap 311Sending Light through Glass Fibers 312Optical-Signal Transmission 313Attenuation and Dispersion 313Internal Reflection 315Types of Fibers 316Transmission Devices and Methods 318Decibels 318Optical System Materials 319Light Sources 320Cabling 321Connectors 322Splices 323Receivers 324Testing 324Continuity Testing 324Power Testing 324OTDR Testing 329Optical System Parameters 329Summary 329Review Questions 332Exercises 333Chapter 15 Radio Transmission 335Early Development 335Radio Waves and Propagation 336Tuned Circuits 340Oscillators and the Audion 342Basics 343Modulation 347Amplitude Modulation 347Demodulation 348Frequency Modulation 349Pulse Modulation 352Multiplexing 353Antennas 353Transmitting Antennas 354Polarity 354Receiving Antennas 355Wave Paths 356Summary 357Review Questions 359Exercises 360Chapter 16 Audio 361The Nature of Sound 361Elements of Sound 361Acoustics 364Audio Systems 364Audio Devices 365Microphones 366Tape Recorders 369Equalizers 371Amplifiers 372Speakers 372Autotransformers 375Crossovers 375Summary 375Review Questions 377Exercises 378Chapter 17 Television 379Television Basics 379The Television Picture 382The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 383Color Television 385Television Systems 385Closed-Circuit Television 385Video Cameras 386Cable TV Channels 387Summary 387Review Questions 389Exercises 390Chapter 18 Radar 391Radar Basics 391Measuring Distance 392Measuring Speed 394Measuring Position 395Waveguides 395Cavity Resonators 396Antennas 397Reciprocity 397Analyzing Radar Images 397Radar Systems 399Summary 399Review Questions 400Exercises 401Chapter 19 Computers 403Computer Basics 404Integrated Circuit Chips 405The Flip-Flop Circuit 406Personal Computers 407The CPU 407Bios 407Memory 407Operating System 408I/O Interfaces 408Power Supply 408Bus Systems 408Disk Drives 408Summary 408Review Questions 409Exercises 409Appendix A Required Mathematics 411Appendix B Symbols and Abbreviations 421Appendix C Circuits 433Glossary 443Index 453