Atlas of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Third Edition

Binita R. Shah, MD Director of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency MedicineKings County Hospital Center, SUNYHealth Science Center at BrooklynBrooklyn, New YorkProfessor of Clinical Pediatrics and Emergency MedicineDepartments of Emergency Medicine and PediatricsState University of New York Health Science Center at BrooklynBrooklyn, New York Michael Lucchesi, MD, Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York, and Associate Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York As Chair of Emergency Medicine at Kings County Hospital, Dr. Lucchesi oversees one of the largest, busiest EDs in the US. Drs. Shah and Lucchesi will write the majority of the atlas themselves, with a small team of contributors (3-4) to assist them.

• Dedication About the Cover Images Contents Contributing Authors Photography Credits Radiography Credits Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Nonaccidental Trauma Child Abuse Cutaneous Manifestations of Child Abuse Orofacial Trauma Inflicted Burns Skeletal Manifestations of Child Abuse Femur Fractures Rib Fractures Due to Abuse Skull Fractures Due to Abuse Abusive Head Trauma Abusive Thoracoabdominal Trauma Infanticide Versus Sudden Unexplained Infant Death Syndrome Chapter 2 Conditions Mistaken For Physical And Sexual Abuse Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis Folk Healing Practices Cold Panniculitis Nevi of OTA and ITO Port-Wine Stain Phytophotodermatitis Contact Dermatitis from Senna Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy Impetigo Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation Raccoon Eye Hair-Tourniquet Syndrome Menkes Disease Vitamin D Insufficiency, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Rickets Osteogenesis Imperfecta Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus Perianal Bacterial Dermatitis Labial Adhesion Urethral Prolapse Straddle Injury Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Scarlet Fever Impetigo Ecthyma Erysipelas Necrotizing Fasciitis Ecthyma Gangrenosum Toxic Shock Syndrome Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome Meningococcemia Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Cat-Scratch Disease Lymphadenitis Chickenpox Herpes Zoster Oropharyngeal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Herpetic Whitlow Mumps Roseola Infantum Measles Rubella Infectious Mononucleosis Erythema Infectiosum Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Herpangina Cutaneous Larvae Migrans Ascariasis Malaria Chapter 4 Sexual Abuse, Gynecology, and Sexually Transmitted Infections Overview of Child Sexual Abuse and Assault Sexual Abuse and Sexually Transmitted Infections Condylomata Acuminata Trichomoniasis Congenital Syphilis Primary and Secondary Syphilis Gonorrhea Genital Herpes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Ectopic Pregnancy Chapter 5 Cardiology Bradycardia First-Degree Atrioventricular Block Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block Long Qt Syndrome Syncope Sinus Tachycardia Supraventricular Tachycardia Atrial Flutter Premature Ventricular Contractions Hypercyanotic Spell of Tetralogy of Fallot Ductal-Dependent Cardiac Lesions/Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Infective Endocarditis Chest Pain Acute Pericarditis Acute Myocarditis Congestive Heart Failure Acute Rheumatic Fever Pulmonary Hypertensive Crises Chapter 6 Respiratory Disorders Tracheobronchial Foreign Bodies Pertussis Croup Bacterial Tracheitis Epiglottitis Bronchiolitis Community-Acquired Pneumonia Intrathoracic Tuberculosis Miliary Tuberculosis Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Asthma Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax Pulmonary Embolism Chapter 7 Dermatology Urticaria Angioedema Serum Sickness/Serum Sickness–Like Reactions Urticaria Multiforme Erythema Multiforme Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Drug Reactions Henoch-SchöNlein Purpura Acne Fulminans Seborrheic Dermatitis Allergic Contact Dermatitis Atopic Dermatitis Eczema Herpeticum Psoriasis Guttate Psoriasis Pityriasis Rosea Granuloma Annulare Scabies Tinea Versicolor Tinea Capitis Tinea Corporis Tinea Cruris Tinea Pedis Tinea Unguium Warts Molluscum Contagiosum Acropustulosis of Infancy Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum Epidermolysis Bullosa Infantile Hemangioma Mastocytosis Café-au-Lait Spots Erythema Nodosum Acanthosis Nigricans Hidradenitis Suppurativa Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn Candidal Diaper Dermatitis Perioral Dermatitis Incontinentia Pigmenti Chapter 8 Ophthalmology Orbital Cellulitis Preseptal Cellulitis Hordeolum and Chalazion Acute Conjunctivitis Ophthalmia Neonatorum (Newborn Conjunctivitis) Leukocoria Infantile Glaucoma Corneal Foreign Body Corneal Abrasion Corneal Ulcer Hypopyon Hyphema Subconjunctival Hemorrhage Eyelid Laceration Traumatic Globe Rupture Orbital Fracture Retrobulbar Hemorrhage Chemical Burns Chapter 9 Otolaryngology Acute Otitis Media Complications of Otitis Media Otitis Externa Perichondritis Auricular Foreign Body Auricular Hematoma Epistaxis Nasal Foreign Bodies Acute Sinusitis Chronic Sinusitis Pott Puffy Tumor Deep Neck Space Infection Peritonsillar Abscess Lemierre Syndrome Chapter 10 Surgical and Genitourinary Intussusception Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Acute Nonperforated Appendicitis Perforated Appendicitis Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia Testicular Torsion Testicular Trauma Epididymo-Orchitis Torsion of The Appendix Testis Vaginal Foreign Body in a Prepubertal Child Congenital Imperforate Hymen with Hematometrocolpos Bartholin Gland Abscess Paraphimosis Ovarian Torsion Intestinal Malrotation and Volvulus Umbilical Granuloma Umbilical Hernia Chapter 11 Hematology and Oncology Sickle Cell Anemia with Fever Sickle Cell Anemia with Acute Pain Sickle Cell Anemia with Acute Chest Syndrome Sickle Cell Anemia and Cerebrovascular Disease Sickle Cell Anemia with Priapism Sickle Cell Anemia with Right Upper Quadrant Syndrome Sickle Cell Anemia and Transient Aplastic Crisis Sickle Cell Anemia and Acute Splenic Sequestration Crisis Newly Diagnosed Immune Thrombocytopenia Hemophilia Lymphadenopathy Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Hodgkin Lymphoma Abdominal Mass Neuroblastoma Ovarian Tumors Osteosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma Chapter 12 Rheumatology Kawasaki Disease Incomplete Kawasaki Disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Neonatal Lupus Raynaud Phenomenon Juvenile Dermatomyositis Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Macrophage Activation Syndrome Lyme Disease Chapter 13 Neurology Bacterial Meningitis Raised Intracranial Pressure Altered Mental Status Febrile Seizures Seizures and Epilepsy Status Epilepticus Stroke in Children Neurocysticercosis Bell Palsy Headache Brain Tumors Hydrocephalus Spinal Cord Lesions (Nontraumatic) Guillain-Barré Syndrome Myasthenia Gravis Infantile Botulism Chapter 14 Endocrinology Diabetic Ketoacidosis Addison Disease Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Hypothyroidism and Myxedema Hyperthyroidism and Thyroid Storm Chapter 15 Gastrointestinal Disorders Esophageal Foreign Bodies Foreign Bodies Distal to Esophagus Anorectal Foreign Bodies Battery Ingestions Retained Bones Sharp Objects Magnet Ingestions Hematemesis Pancreatitis Biliary Colic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Exacerbations Constipation Rectal Bleeding Chapter 16 Nephrology Proteinuria Hematuria Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis Urinary Tract Infection Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Obstructive Uropathy Hypertensive Emergencies Nephrolithiasis Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Chapter 17 Toxicology The Evaluation and Management of Poisoning in Children: General Approach and GI Decontamination Acute Acetaminophen Toxicity Acute Salicylate Toxicity Iron Toxicity Opioid Toxicity Cocaine Toxicity Methemoglobinemia Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticide Toxicity Castor Bean and Rosary Pea Ingestion Phenothiazine Toxicity Anticholinergic Drug and Plant Toxicity Acute Isoniazid Toxicity Camphor Toxicity Hydrocarbon and Naphthalene Toxicity Ecstasy/Molly Toxicity Ketamine Toxicity Dextromethorphan Toxicity Marijuana Toxicity Ethylene Glycol Toxicity Methanol Toxicity Ethanol Toxicity Prescription Drugs of Abuse β-Blocker and Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity Clonidine Toxicity Cyclic Antidepressant Toxicity Lead Toxicity Caustics Nicotine Caffeine Chapter 18 Environmental Emergencies Thermal Burns Peripheral Cold Injuries Anaphylaxis Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation Black Widow Spider Envenomation Scorpion Envenomation Dog Bites Rabies Exposure and Vaccine Prophylaxis Cat Bites Human Bites Venomous Marine Animals: Stinging Marine Animals—Corals, Sea Anemones, Hydroids, and Fire Coral Stinging Marine Animals: Box Jellyfish, True Jellyfish, and Portuguese Man-of-War Stinging Marine Animals: Sponges (Phylum Porifera) Stabbing Marine Animals: Starfish, Sea Urchins, and Crown-of-Thorns Starfish Stabbing Marine Animals: Stonefish and Scorpionfish (Family Scorpaenidae) Stabbing Marine Animals: Stingray Stabbing Marine Animals: Cone Shells (Family Conidae) Biting Marine Animals: Blue-Ringed Octopus Lightning Injuries Snake Envenomations High-Altitude Illness Chapter 19 Orthopedics Fractures and Fracture Classification Tuft Fractures Phalanx Fractures Mallet Finger Bennett Fracture and Rolando Fracture Boxer’s Fracture Fractures of Carpal Bones (Scaphoid Fracture) Forearm Fractures Galeazzi Fracture Dislocation and Monteggia Fracture Dislocation Olecranon Fracture Radial Head and Neck Fractures Supracondylar Fracture Humerus Fracture Clavicle Fracture Scapular Fracture Femur Fracture Patella Fractures Maisonneuve Fracture Ankle Fracture and Sprain Calcaneal Fracture Jones Fracture Lisfranc Fracture Stress Fracture Dislocations: Interphalangeal Joint Dislocation Lunate and Perilunate Dislocations Elbow Dislocation Anterior and Posterior Glenohumeral Joint Dislocations Hip Dislocation Knee Dislocation Ankle Dislocation Patella Dislocation Pelvic Avulsion Fractures Tibial Tubercle Avulsion Fracture Musculoskeletal Injuries: Gamekeeper’s Thumb Nursemaid’s Elbow Acromioclavicular Injuries Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Osgood-Schlatter Disease Achilles Tendon Rupture Foreign Bodies and Penetrating Injuries Hand Infections: Paronychia Flexor Tenosynovitis Bone and Joint Infections: Acute Osteomyelitis Chronic Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Disease Septic Arthritis Neonatal Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis Pott Disease Chapter 20 Trauma Head Trauma Skull Fractures Basilar Skull Fracture Acute Subdural Hematoma Epidural Hematoma Cerebral Contusion Cerebral Concussion Nasal Septal Hematoma Nasal Fractures Mandible Fractures Midfacial Fractures (Maxillary/Le Fort, Frontal Sinus, Nasoorbitoethmoid) Orbital Trauma Fractures of the Zygomatic Complex and Zygomatic Arch Soft Tissue Trauma Lip Laceration Involving the Vermilion Border Tongue Laceration Traumatic Temporomandibular Joint Dislocation Penetrating Neck Injury Cervical Spine Injuries Jefferson (4-Part) Burst Fractures Odontoid Fractures Traumatic Spondylolisthesis of C2 Extension Teardrop Fracture Anterior Flexion Fractures (Flexion Teardrop) Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality Bilateral Facet Dislocation Unilateral Facet Dislocation Anterior Subluxation Spinal Process (Clay Shoveler’s) Fracture Dental Trauma Pulmonary Contusion Rib Fractures and Flail Chest Pneumothorax and Tension Pneumothorax Hemothorax Traumatic Airway Obstruction Aortic Disruption Traumatic Diaphragm Rupture Tracheobronchial Tree Injury Abdominal Trauma Splenic Injuries Hepatic Injuries Other Intra-Abdominal Trauma Including Seatbelt Injuries Pelvic Fractures Ring Incarceration Nail Bed Injury Subungual Hematoma Digital Amputation Degloving Injury Penetrating Hand or Foot Injury Traumatic Extremity Amputation Fishhook Removal Zipper Injury Chapter 21 Emergency Ultrasound Emergency Ultrasound Appendicitis Intussusception Pyloric Stenosis Biliary Ultrasound First-Trimester Pregnancy Pediatric Lung Ultrasound Abscesses and Cellulitis Pediatric Hip Ultrasound Pediatric Fractures Point-of-Care Cardiac Ultrasonography and Assessment of Volume Status Index