Artificial Intelligence, Counter-Terrorism and the Rule of Law

Arianna Vedaschi, Full Professor of Comparative Public Law and Chiara Graziani, Assistant Professor of Comparative Public Law, Bocconi University, Italy

• ContentsIntroduction: the complex relationship between advancedtechnology, security and rights ixPART I TECHNOLOGY AS A ‘TERRORIST TOOL’1 The use of technology in terrorist activities in the ‘realdigital world’ 72 The use of technology in terrorist activities in the ‘realdigital world’ 30A final overview on technology as a terrorist tool 37Appendix to Part I: a taxonomy of the terrorist use of technology 39PART II TECHNOLOGY AS A “COUNTER-TERRORISM TOOL”A general introductory overview: technology as a tool torespond to terrorism 413 Identifying the threat: surveillance through thecollection and retention of metadata 474 Identifying the threat by scanning the web: the flaggingand removal of terrorist content 585 Identifying the threat by relying on biometric data 736 ‘Chasing’ the terrorist threat: technologies for‘personalised’ surveillance 1027 Technology and counter-terrorism: shaping the publicopinion 121A final overview on technology as a counter-terrorism tool 127Appendix to Part II 129Conclusions: artificial intelligence in the field of security –rule of law concerns, regulatory challenges and geopoliticalimpact 130

‘While states and terrorists have always used emerging technology in their endeavours, there has seldom been an emerging technology with the reach, implications, and possibilities of AI. In this masterful book, Vedaschi and Graziani skilfully merge law, computer science, psychology and more to provide the authoritative account of how AI enables terrorist actors, promises security, and challenges the rule of law.’