Articulatory Phonetics

Bryan Gick is Professor and Director of the Interdisciplinary Speech Research Laboratory at the University of British Columbia, and is a Senior Researcher at Haskins Laboratories. Dr. Gick’s work has been featured on NOVA, NPR Morning Edition, and BBC Radio’s “Naked Scientist”. He is the editor of The Oneida Creation Story as told by Demus Elm and Harvey Antone (with F. Lounsbury, 2000). Ian Wilson is Professor and Director of the CLR Phonetics Lab at the University of Aizu. Dr. Wilson was a regular in a 3-month English pronunciation television program aired on the “NHK World” channel. Donald Derrick is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the New Zealand Institute of Language, Brain and Behaviour in Christchurch, and the MARCS Institute in Sydney.

• List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xixIntroduction xxiPart I Getting to Sounds 11 The Speech System and Basic Anatomy 31.1 The Speech Chain 31.1.1 The speech production chain 61.2 The Building Blocks of Articulatory Phonetics 71.2.1 Materials in the body 91.3 The Tools of Articulatory Phonetics 10Exercises 12References 132 Where It All Starts: The Central Nervous System 152.1 The Basic Units of the Nervous System 152.1.1 The action potential: how the nervous system communicates 182.2 The Central Nervous System 192.2.1 Speech areas in the brain 222.3 Measuring the Brain: fMRI, PET, EEG, MEG, TMS 27Exercises 30References 313 From Thought to Movement: The Peripheral Nervous System 333.1 The Peripheral Nervous System 333.1.1 Cranial nerves 343.1.2 Spinal nerves 363.2 How Muscles Move 383.3 Measuring Muscles: EMG 413.3.1 The speed of thought to movement 43Exercises 45References 464 From Movement to Flow: Respiration 474.1 Breathing Basics 474.1.1 Two principles for respiration 474.1.2 Lung volumes 484.1.3 Measuring lung volume 504.2 The Anatomy of Breathing 514.2.1 The lungs 514.2.2 The hard parts: bones and cartilages of respiration 534.2.3 Passive forces of breathing 574.2.4 Inspiratory muscles 574.2.5 Expiratory muscles 614.2.6 The respiratory cycle revisited 644.3 Measuring Airfl ow and Pressure: Pneumotachograph 664.4 Sounds 674.4.1 /h/ 674.4.2 Pitch and loudness 68Exercises 68References 695 From Flow to Sound 715.1 Intrinsic Laryngeal Anatomy 715.1.1 The hard parts 725.1.2 Intrinsic laryngeal muscles 745.2 Sounds: The Voice 785.2.1 Modal phonation 785.2.2 Theories of modal phonation 805.2.3 Pitch control 865.2.4 Voicelessness 895.3 Measuring the Vocal Folds: EGG 90Exercises 91References 94Part II Articulating Sounds 976 Articulating Laryngeal Sounds 996.1 Extrinsic Laryngeal Anatomy 1006.1.1 The hard parts 1006.1.2 Extrinsic laryngeal muscles 1016.2 Sounds 1066.2.1 Non-modal phonation types 1066.2.2 The glottalic airstream mechanism 1146.3 Measuring Laryngeal Articulations: Endoscopy 118Exercises 120References 1227 Articulating Velic Sounds 1257.1 Anatomy of the Velum 1257.1.1 The hard parts 1267.1.2 Muscles of the velum 1297.2 Sounds 1347.2.1 The oral-nasal distinction: more on the VPP 1347.2.2 Uvular constrictions: the oropharyngeal isthmus 1367.3 Measuring the Velum: X-ray Video 138Exercises 140References 1418 Articulating Vowels 1438.1 The Jaw and Extrinsic Tongue Muscles 1468.1.1 The hard parts 1468.1.2 Jaw muscles 1488.1.3 Extrinsic tongue muscles 1528.2 Sounds: Vowels 1548.2.1 High front vowels 1568.2.2 High back vowels 1568.2.3 Low vowels 1578.2.4 ATR and RTR 1598.3 Measuring Vowels: Ultrasound 160Exercises 163References 1649 Articulating Lingual Consonants 1679.1 The Intrinsic Tongue Muscles 1679.1.1 The transversus and verticalis muscles 1689.1.2 The longitudinal muscles 1709.2 Sounds: Lingual Consonants 1719.2.1 Degrees of constriction and tongue bracing 1719.2.2 Locations of constriction 1769.3 Measuring Lingual Consonants: Palatography and Linguography 180Exercises 182References 18610 Articulating Labial Sounds 18910.1 Muscles of the Lips and Face 19210.1.1 The amazing OO 19210.1.2 Other lip and face muscles 19410.2 Sounds: Making Sense of [labial] 19610.3 Measuring the Lips and Face: Point Tracking and Video 198Exercises 202References 20311 Putting Articulations Together 20511.1 Coordinating Movements 20511.1.1 Context-sensitive models 20711.1.2 Context-invariant models 20711.1.3 Unifying theories 20911.2 Coordinating Complex Sounds 21011.2.1 Lingual-lingual sounds 21111.2.2 Other complex sounds 21611.3 Coarticulation 21711.3.1 Articulatory overlap 21811.3.2 Articulatory confl ict 21911.3.3 Modeling coarticulation 22011.4 Measuring the Whole Vocal Tract: Tomography 221Exercises 225References 225Abbreviations Used in this Book 229Muscles with Innervation, Origin, and Insertion 233Index 243

“A rich yet approachable source of phonetic information, this new text is well structured, well designed, and full of original diagrams.”  (Expofairs, 25 November 2014)“This book is the perfect companion for all students in phonetics, speech sciences and speech pathologies and complements Keith Johnson’s Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics (3rd edition, 2011, Wiley-Blackwell) as introductory books to phonetic sciences.”  (International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 1 May 2013)