Keith Krause is Professor, and Director of the Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland.

• Preface 1. Introduction: The Challenge of Non-State Armed Groups Keith Krause and Jennifer Milliken 2. Non-State Armed Actors, New Imagined Communities, and Shifting Patterns of Sovereignty and Insecurity in the Modern World Diane E. Davis 3. With the State against the State? The Formation of Armed Groups Klaus Schlichte 4. Grasping the Financing and Mobilization Cost of Armed Groups: A New Perspective on Conflict Dynamics Achim Wennmann 5. From Social Movement to Armed Group: A Case Study from Nigeria Jennifer M. Hazen 6. Gangs as Non-State Armed Groups: The Central American Case Dennis Rodgers and Robert Muggah 7. The Role of Non-State Actors in ‘Community-Based Policing’ – An Exploration of the Arbakai (Tribal Police) in South-Eastern Afghanistan Susanne Schmeidl and Masood Karokhail 8. Staging Society: Sources of Loyalty in the Angolan UNITA Teresa Koloma Beck 9. Explaining Patterns of Violence in Collapsed States William Reno 10. The Changing Ownership of War: States, Insurgencies and Technology Aaron Karp

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Keith Krause is Professor, and Director of the Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland.

• Preface 1. Introduction: The Challenge of Non-State Armed Groups Keith Krause and Jennifer Milliken 2. Non-State Armed Actors, New Imagined Communities, and Shifting Patterns of Sovereignty and Insecurity in the Modern World Diane E. Davis 3. With the State against the State? The Formation of Armed Groups Klaus Schlichte 4. Grasping the Financing and Mobilization Cost of Armed Groups: A New Perspective on Conflict Dynamics Achim Wennmann 5. From Social Movement to Armed Group: A Case Study from Nigeria Jennifer M. Hazen 6. Gangs as Non-State Armed Groups: The Central American Case Dennis Rodgers and Robert Muggah 7. The Role of Non-State Actors in ‘Community-Based Policing’ – An Exploration of the Arbakai (Tribal Police) in South-Eastern Afghanistan Susanne Schmeidl and Masood Karokhail 8. Staging Society: Sources of Loyalty in the Angolan UNITA Teresa Koloma Beck 9. Explaining Patterns of Violence in Collapsed States William Reno 10. The Changing Ownership of War: States, Insurgencies and Technology Aaron Karp

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Keith Krause is Professor, and Director of the Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland.

• Preface 1. Introduction: The Challenge of Non-State Armed Groups Keith Krause and Jennifer Milliken 2. Non-State Armed Actors, New Imagined Communities, and Shifting Patterns of Sovereignty and Insecurity in the Modern World Diane E. Davis 3. With the State against the State? The Formation of Armed Groups Klaus Schlichte 4. Grasping the Financing and Mobilization Cost of Armed Groups: A New Perspective on Conflict Dynamics Achim Wennmann 5. From Social Movement to Armed Group: A Case Study from Nigeria Jennifer M. Hazen 6. Gangs as Non-State Armed Groups: The Central American Case Dennis Rodgers and Robert Muggah 7. The Role of Non-State Actors in ‘Community-Based Policing’ – An Exploration of the Arbakai (Tribal Police) in South-Eastern Afghanistan Susanne Schmeidl and Masood Karokhail 8. Staging Society: Sources of Loyalty in the Angolan UNITA Teresa Koloma Beck 9. Explaining Patterns of Violence in Collapsed States William Reno 10. The Changing Ownership of War: States, Insurgencies and Technology Aaron Karp

Select Guide Rating