Arab Spring, Civil Society, and Innovative Activism

Cenap Çakmak is Professor of International Law and Politics at Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Turkey, and Senior Researcher at Wise Men Center for Strategic Research, Turkey. He previously conducted research at the TMC Asser Institute, Netherlands, and the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany, and is currently Visiting Scholar at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Sweden. His most recent publications include Post-Conflict Syrian State and Nation Building (2015), Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia (2016), and A Brief History of International Criminal Law (2016).

• 1. Introduction .- 2. "Dogs of Wall Street, Let Us Alone": Graffiti in Cold War Baghdad, 1953 .- 3. When Pundits Fail: "We Are All Khalid Said" and the Challenge of Democratizing Egypt .- 4. Civil Society and Political Change in Contemporary Egypt .- 5. Social Media and the Arab Spring in Bahrain: From Mobilization to Confrontation .- 6. The Middle Eastern Gender Gap: The State of Female Political Participation Before, During and After the 'Arab Spring' .- 7. The Arab Spring through a Libyan Prism: Contagion, Cleavages and Adverse Transition .- 8. Re-imagining the 'state' of Syria during the first year of the uprising (2011-2012) .- 9. Rooted in History: The Politics of Middle Eastern and North African Soccer .- 10. Civil State in the post Arab Spring Countries: Tunisia, Egypt and Libya .- 11. Conclusion.