Aquaculture

About the Editors John S. Lucas, Adjunct Professor in School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Paul C. Southgate, Professor in Tropical Aquaculture, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia Craig S. Tucker, Research Leader, Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA

• List of Contributors xiiiPreface to the Third Edition xvPreface to the Second Edition xviiPreface to the First Edition xixAcknowledgments xxi1 Introduction 1John S. Lucas1.1 What is and What isn’t Aquaculture? 11.2 Origins of Aquaculture and Agriculture 21.3 Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries Production 41.4 The Efficiency of Aquaculture for Food Production 71.5 Has There Been a ‘Blue’ Revolution? 91.6 The Big Producers 101.7 China 121.8 Issues for Developed Countries 131.9 An Allegory 141.10 Diversity of Aquaculture 151.11 Fishery Stock Enhancement and Restoration 151.12 Summary 16References 172 Principles of Aquaculture 19Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas2.1 Introduction 192.2 Intensity of Aquaculture 192.3 Polyculture 232.4 Integrated Agri‐Aquaculture Systems 242.5 Static, Open, Semi‐Closed and Recirculating (Closed) Systems 252.6 Selecting a New Species for Farming 282.7 Developing a New Farm or a New Farmed Species 312.8 Case Studies 332.9 Summary 38References 393 Aquaculture Systems Design 41Igor Pirozzi, Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas3.1 Introduction 413.2 Site Selection and Development 413.3 Aquaculture Systems 433.4 Plumbing and Pumps 553.5 Hatchery Systems 593.6 Summary 61References 614 Water Quality 63Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker4.1 Introduction 634.2 Water Quality Variables 634.3 Effects of Water Quality on Aquatic Animals 734.4 Pond Water‐Quality Management 784.5 Effluents 894.6 Summary 91References 925 Resource Use and the Environment 93Claude E. Boyd, Aaron A. McNevin and Craig S. Tucker5.1 Introduction 935.2 An Overview of Resource Use and Environmental Issues 945.3 Land Use 975.4 Water Use 995.5 Energy Use 1015.6 Feed‐Fish Use 1025.7 Chemicals 1055.8 Water Pollution 1075.9 Best Management Practices 1095.10 Environmental Advocacy in Aquaculture 1115.11 Summary 112References 1126 Reproduction, Life Cycles and Growth 113John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate6.1 Introduction 1136.2 Reproductive Physiology 1136.3 Life Cycles 1166.4 Growth 1206.5 Summary 124References 1257 Genetics 127Rex Dunham7.1 Introduction 1277.2 Basic Genetics 1287.3 Epigenetics 1307.4 Domestication and Strain Evaluation 1307.5 Selection 1317.6 Inbreeding and Maintenance of Genetic Quality 1367.7 Crossbreeding and Hybridisation 1367.8 Chromosomal Techniques 1407.9 Xenogenesis 1467.10 Genetic Engineering 1467.11 Gene Editing 1517.12 Combining Genetic Enhancement Programs 1527.13 Genotype‐ environment Interactions 1527.14 Future Developments 1537.15 Summary 154References 1548 Nutrition and Feeds 157Lou D’Abramo8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Energy Consumption and Partitioning (Bioenergetics) 1588.3 The Relationship between Growth and Food Consumption 1598.4 Requirements and Metabolic Functions of Nutrients 1608.5 Digestion and Assimilation of Food 1708.6 Formulation, Manufacture and Digestibility of Feeds 1718.7 Nutrition Management Strategies 1788.8 Feed Management 1808.9 Emerging Research Areas 1818.10 Summary 181References 1829 Hatchery and Larval Foods 183Paul C. Southgate9.1 Introduction 1839.2 Foods for Hatchery Culture Systems 1839.3 Feeding Strategy for Larval Culture 1969.4 Compound Hatchery Feeds 1969.5 Development of Microdiets for Fish Larvae 1979.6 Harvesting Natural Plankton 1999.7 Pond Fertilisation as a Food Source for Aquaculture 1999.8 Summary 200References 20110 Disease Principles 203Leigh Owens10.1 Introduction to Disease 20310.2 General Principles of Infectious Diseases in Aquaculture 20310.3 The Philosophy of Disease Control 20510.4 Generalised Disease Management Techniques 20610.5 Major Diseases 20810.6 Summary 216References 21611 Pathogens and Parasites 217Kate S. Hutson and Kenneth D. Cain11.1 Introduction 21711.2 Viruses 21811.3 Bacteria 22211.4 Fungi 22911.5 Protozoans 23011.6 Myxozoans 23411.7 Platyhelminths 23511.8 Nematodes 23911.9 Acanthocephalans 24011.10 Leeches 24011.11 Crustaceans 24111.12 Fishborne Zoonotic Agents and Aquaculture 24411.13 Aquaponics 24511.14 Summary 246References 24612 Prevention of Disease by Vaccination 249Andrew Barnes12.1 Introduction 24912.2 A Beginner’s Guide to Fish Immunology 25012.3 Vaccinating Fishes 26012.4 Types of Vaccine 26012.5 Routes of Delivery 26312.6 Adjuvants 26612.7 Vaccination in Practice 26612.8 Research and Development Track for Commercial Fish Vaccines 26712.9 Future Trends: Vaccination in the Age of Genomics 26912.10 Conclusions 26912.11 Summary 270References 27013 Post‐harvest Technology and Processing 273Allan Bremner13.1 Introduction 27313.2 Basic Characteristics 27413.3 Safety and Health 27413.4 Nutritional Aspects 27513.5 The Balance between Safety and Nutrition 27613.6 Aquaculture and Fisheries Products 27613.7 Harvesting 27613.8 Live Transport 27613.9 Muscle Structure: Rigor and Texture 27813.10 Stunning and Post‐Mortem Processing 28013.11 Effects of Feed on the Product 28313.12 Specialised Niche Market Products 28413.13 Flavours and Taints 28413.14 Texture 28513.15 Concepts: Quality, Freshness, Shelf Life and Quality Index 28513.16 Microbiology, Specific Spoilage Organism (SSO) and Other Spoilage Processes 28713.17 Freezing and Frozen Storage 28813.18 Packaging 29013.19 Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Haccp and Risk Assessment 29313.20 Traceability, Identification and Origin 29413.21 Canning 29513.22 Smoking 29513.23 Summary 296References 29614 Economics 299Clem Tisdell14.1 Introduction 29914.2 Profitability from a Business Viewpoint (Farm Models) 30014.3 Markets and Marketing 30214.4 Economies of Scale and Similar Factors 306Contents ix14.5 Allowing for and Coping with Business Risk and Uncertainty 30814.6 Economic Assessment from a Social Standpoint 31014.7 Summary 312References 31215 Seaweed and Microalgae 313Seaweed: Nicholas A. Paul and Microalgae: Michael Borowitzka15.1 General Introduction 31315.2 Seaweeds 31315.3 Microalgae 32715.4 Summary 335References 33616 Carps 339Sena De Silva and Qidong Wang16.1 Introduction 33916.2 Biology of the Important Carps in Aquaculture 34116.3 Artificial Propagation 35016.4 Nutrition 35216.5 Culture Practices 35316.6 Diseases 35816.7 Genetic Improvement 35816.8 Culture‐Based Fisheries 35916.9 Conclusions 36016.10 Summary 360References 36117 Salmonids 363John Purser17.1 Introduction 36317.2 Biology 36417.3 Freshwater Farming 36717.4 Marine Farming 37617.5 Feeds 38117.6 Grading and Stocking Densities 38317.7 Maturation, Sex Reversal and Triploidy 38417.8 Fish Health 38617.9 Harvesting and Products 38717.10 Environmental Issues 38717.11 Summary 388References 38818 Tilapias 391Victor Suresh and Ram C. Bhujel18.1 Introduction 39118.2 Family, Species and Genetic Variation 39318.3 Ecology and Distribution 39518.4 Sex Determination and Reproduction 39618.5 Control of Reproduction 39718.6 Seed Production 39918.7 Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding 40118.8 Grow‐ Out Systems 40518.9 Disease Management 41018.10 Harvest, Processing and Marketing 41218.11 Summary 413References 41419 Catfishes 415Craig S. Tucker, Aaron A. McNevin, Les Torrans and Brian Bosworth19.1 Introduction 41519.2 Pangasiid Catfishes 41519.3 Ictalurid Catfishes 42119.4 Clariid Catfishes 43119.5 Summary 433References 43420 Marine Finfish Aquaculture 437Wade O. Watanabe, Md Shah Alam, Patrick M. Carroll, Harry V. Daniels and Jeffrey M. Hinshaw20.1 Introduction 43720.2 Importance of Marine Fish Aquaculture 43720.3 Hatcheries 44020.4 Grow‐ out Systems 44420.5 Nutrition and Feeds 44820.6 Marine Fishes in Aquaculture 44920.7 Milkfish 44920.8 European Seabass 45420.9 Gilthead Sea Bream 45620.10 Yellowtail Amberjack 45920.11 Red Sea Bream 46220.12 Cobia 46520.13 Flatfishes 46820.14 Sturgeon 47720.15 Summary 481References 48221 Soft‐shelled Turtles 483Qingjun Shao and John S. Lucas21.1 Introduction 48321.2 Biology 48321.3 Aquaculture Development 48521.4 Culture Facilities 48621.5 Culture Stages 48821.6 Water Quality 49021.7 Nutrition, Feeding and Feed Formulation 49121.8 Infectious Diseases 49321.9 Harvesting and Processing 49421.10 The Future of Soft‐Shelled Turtle Farming 49521.11 Summary 496References 49622 Shrimps 499Darryl Jory22.1 Introduction 49922.2 Cultured Species 50222.3 Grow‐Out Systems 50322.4 Preparation of Ponds 50622.5 Reproduction and Maturation 50822.6 Hatchery Design and Larval Culture 51022.7 Seedstock Quality and Stocking 51222.8 Production Management and Harvest 51322.9 Nutrition, Formulated Diets and Feed Management 51822.10 Emerging Production Technologies and Issues 52122.11 Responsible Shrimp Farming and the Challenge of Sustainability 52422.12 Summary 524References 52523 Freshwater Decapod Crustaceans 527Chaoshu Zeng, John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate23.1 Introduction 52723.2 Farmed Species 52923.3 The Chinese Mitten Crab 53023.4 Freshwater Crayfish 53623.5 Freshwater Prawns 54323.6 Summary 547References 54824 Bivalve Molluscs 549John S. Lucas24.1 Introduction 54924.2 Aspects of Biology 55024.3 Farmed Bivalves 55224.4 Phases of Bivalve Aquaculture 55524.5 Farming Problems 56024.6 Introductions and Other Environmental Issues 56424.7 Industry Reviews 56524.8 The Future of Bivalve Aquaculture 57024.9 Summary 570References 57125 Abalone 573Peter Cook25.1 Introduction 57325.2 Production from Fisheries and Farms 57325.3 Biology 57625.4 Culture Techniques 57725.5 Postlarvae and Juveniles 58025.6 Grow‐Out Systems 58025.7 Diseases and Parasites 58325.8 The World Abalone Market 58425.9 Summary 584References 58526 Aquaculture in the Aquarium Industry 587Thane A. Militz26.1 Introduction 58726.2 The Aquarium Industry 58726.3 The Need for Aquaculture in the Aquarium Industry 58926.4 Aquaculture of Tropical Freshwater Organisms 59326.5 Aquaculture of Tropical Marine Organisms 60126.6 Sustainable Development 61226.7 The Future of Aquaculture in the Aquarium Industry 61426.8 Summary 614References 61527 The Future of Aquaculture 617John Hargreaves, Randall Brummett and Craig S. Tucker27.1 Introduction 61727.2 Drivers of Future Demand and Supply 61927.3 Responding to the Challenges of the Future 62527.4 Summary 635References 636Index 637