Applied Water Science, Volume 2

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers.Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals and has co-edited multiple books. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning. Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President’s International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He also serves as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored over 20 book chapters. Tauseef Ahmad Rangreez, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, India. He completed his PhD in applied chemistry from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India, and worked as a project fellow under the University Grant Commission, India. He has published several research articles and co-edited books. His research interests include ion-exchange chromatography, development of nanocomposite sensors for heavy metals and biosensors.

• Preface xvii1 Insights of the Removal of Antibiotics From Water and Wastewater: A Review on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Techniques 1Ali Khadir, Amin M. Ramezanali, Shabnam Taghipour and Khadijeh Jafari1.1 Introduction 21.2 Antibiotic Removal Methods 41.2.1 Aerobic Biological Treatment 41.2.2 Anaerobic Biological Treatment 81.2.3 Adsorption Processes 121.2.3.1 Activated Carbon and its Composites 121.2.3.2 Magnetic Nanomaterials/Adsorbents 151.2.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes 181.2.4.1 Fenton Type Processes 191.2.4.2 Peroxone 241.2.4.3 Photocatalytic Degradation 271.2.5 Electrocoagulation 301.3 Conclusion 32References 332 Adsorption on Alternative Low-Cost Materials-Derived Adsorbents in Water Treatment 49Wojciech Stawiński and Katarzyna Wal2.1 Introduction 502.2 Water Treatment 502.3 Adsorption 512.4 Application of Low-Cost Waste-Based Adsorbents in Water Treatment 512.4.1 Bark 522.4.1.1 Eucalyptus 522.4.1.2 Pine 522.4.1.3 Other 552.4.2 Coffee 552.4.3 Feather 582.4.4 Husks or Hulls 602.4.4.1 Peanut 622.4.4.2 Rice 622.4.4.3 Other 632.4.5 Leaves 632.4.6 Peels 652.4.6.1 Banana 652.4.6.2 Citruses 672.4.6.3 Garlic 692.4.6.4 Litchi 702.4.6.5 Other 712.4.7 Rinds 712.4.8 Seeds 752.4.9 Stones or Pits 782.4.9.1 Date 782.4.9.2 Olive 812.4.9.3 Other 812.4.10 Tea 822.5 Disadvantages 842.6 Conclusions 86References 863 Mathematical Modeling of Reactor for Water Remediation 107Hamidreza Bagheri, Ali Mohebbi, Maryam Mirzaie and Vahab Ghalandari3.1 Introduction 1083.2 Water Remediation 1093.2.1 Water Remediation Techniques 1103.3 Reactor Modeling 1123.3.1 Modeling of Multi-Phase Flows 1183.3.2 Governing Equations for Multiphase Models 1243.3.2.1 Photocatalytic Reactors 1283.3.2.2 Bubble Column 1323.3.2.3 Fluidized Bed Reactors 1373.3.2.4 Adsorption Column 1423.3.2.5 Air Sparging Technology 1433.3.2.6 Electrochemical Reactors 1463.4 Conclusions 154References 1564 Environmental Remediation Using Integrated MicrobialElectrochemical Wetlands: iMETLands 171A. Biswas and S. Chakraborty4.1 Introduction 1724.2 Constructed Wetland–Microbial Fuel Cell (CW–MFC) System 1744.2.1 Role of Redox Gradient 1754.2.2 Role of Microorganisms 1764.2.3 Role of WW Strength 1764.2.4 Role of Wetland Vegetation 1764.3 iMETLand State of the Art 1774.3.1 iMETLand as a Potential Treatment Unit for Industrial Wastewater 1844.4 Conclusion, Challenges and Future Directions 184References 1855 Forward Osmosis Membrane Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment 191Shahryar Jafarinejad and Nader Vahdat5.1 Introduction 1915.2 Forward Osmosis Membrane Process 1925.2.1 Main Factors in FO Technology 1935.3 FO Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment 1945.3.1 Literature Review of FO Technology for the Petroleum Industry Wastewater Treatment 1945.3.2 Recent Advances in FO Membranes 2055.4 Challenges Ahead and Future Perspectives 2065.5 Conclusions 207References 2086 UV/Periodate Advanced Oxidation Process: Fundamentals and Applications 215Slimane Merouani and Oualid Hamdaoui6.1 Introduction 2166.2 Periodate Speciation in Aqueous Solution 2176.3 Generation of Reactive Species Upon UV-Photolysis of Periodate 2186.4 Application of UV/IO-4 for Organics Degradation 2236.5 Scavenging of the Reactive Species Under Laboratory Conditions 2346.6 Factors Influencing the Degradation Process 2366.6.1 Initial Periodate Concentration 2366.6.2 Irradiation Intensity 2376.6.3 Initial Pollutant Concentration 2376.6.4 pH 2386.6.5 Temperature 2406.7 Advantages of UV/Periodate Process 2406.8 Conclusion 241Acknowledgements 242References 2427 Trends in Landfill Leachate Treatment Through Biological Biotechnology 249Ali Khadir, Arman N. Ardestani, Mika Sillanpää and Shreya Mahajan7.1 Introduction 2507.2 Landfill Leachate Characteristics 2527.3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques 2557.4 Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes 2587.5 Different Biological Systems for Landfill Leachate Treatment 2607.5.1 Aerobic Membrane Bioreactor 2607.5.2 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors 2637.5.3 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor 2667.5.4 Sequencing Batch Reactor 2677.5.5 Aerobic/Anaerobic/Facultative Lagoons 2717.5.6 Trickling Filter 2737.5.7 Rotating Biological Contactor 2747.6 Conclusion 276References 2778 Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticle Technology for Water Remediation: Road to a Sustainable Ecosystem 289Rashmirekha Tripathy, Tejaswini Sahoo, Jagannath Panda, Madhuri Hembram, Saraswati Soren, C.K. Rath, Sunil Kumar Sahoo and Rojalin Sahu8.1 Introduction to MOF Nanoparticles 2908.2 MOFs for Decontamination of Water 2918.2.1 Inorganic Contaminant 2928.2.2 Nuclear Contaminants 2938.2.3 Organic Contaminants 2938.2.4 Sources of Heavy Metals in Water 2948.3 Impact of MOFs for Remediation of Water 2958.3.1 Applications of MOF Nanoparticles for Water Remediation 2968.3.2 Adsorption By MOF Nanoparticles 2988.3.3 Conventional Nanoparticles Used in Water Remediation 2998.4 Removal of Organic Contaminant 3038.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions 3038.4.2 MOF Powder-Based Membrane for Organic Contaminants Removal 3068.4.3 Photocatalytic Remediation of Water Using MOF Nanoparticles 3078.5 MOF Nanoparticle Magnetic Iron-Based Technology for Water Remediation 3078.5.1 Iron as a Remediation Tool 3088.5.2 Research Needs and Limitations 3108.6 Conclusions 311References 3119 Metal–Organic Frameworks for Heavy Metal Removal 321Anam Asghar, Mustapha Mohammed Bello and Abdul Aziz Abdul Raman9.1 Introduction 3229.2 Heavy Metals in Environment 3239.3 Heavy Metals Removal Technologies 3259.3.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 3269.3.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks as Adsorbent for Heavy Metals Removal 3279.4 Applications of Metal–Organic Framework in Heavy Metals Removal 3309.4.1 Mercury 3309.4.2 Copper 3369.4.3 Chromium 3389.4.4 Lead 3409.4.5 Arsenic 3419.4.6 Cadmium 3449.5 Conclusion 344References 34510 Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 357Rosangela R. Dias, Mariany C. Deprá, Leila Q. Zepka and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes10.1 Introduction to Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 35710.2 Microalgae Bioremediation Mechanisms 35810.3 Inorganic Pollutants Bioremediation 36010.3.1 Heavy Metals 36010.3.2 Greenhouse Gases 36210.4 Organic Pollutants Bioremediation 36310.4.1 Agrochemicals 36310.4.2 Phthalate Esters (PAEs) 36410.4.3 Tributyltin 36510.4.4 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 36610.4.5 Trinitrotoluene 36710.5 Emerging Pollutants Removal 36810.5.1 Pharmaceutics 36810.5.2 Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds (PFAS) 37010.6 Bioremediation Associated with the Bioproducts Production 37010.7 Integrated Technology for Microalgae-Based Bioremediation 37210.8 Conclusion 372References 37311 Photocatalytic Water Disinfection 381Prachi Upadhyay and Sankar Chakma11.1 Introduction 38111.2 Techniques for Water Disinfection 38311.2.1 Ozone and Ozone-Based Water Disinfection 38411.2.2 H2O2/UV-Based Water Disinfection 38611.2.3 Fenton-Based Water Disinfection 38711.2.4 Sonolysis-Based Water Disinfection 38811.2.5 Photocatalysis-Based Water Disinfection 39011.2.6 Ultrasound/Ozone-Based Water Disinfection 39411.2.7 Ultrasound/H2O2/UV-Based Water Disinfection 39511.2.8 Ultrasound/Fenton/H2O2-Based Water Disinfection 39511.2.9 Ultrasound/Photocatalysis-Based Water Disinfection 39611.3 Conclusion 398References 39812 Phytoremediation and the Way Forward: Challenges and Opportunities 405Shinomol George K. and Bhanu Revathi K.12.1 Introduction 40512.1.1 Bioremediation and Biosorption 40612.1.2 Recent Developments in Bioremediation 40812.2 Biosorbant for Phytoremediation 41012.2.1 Algae and Weeds as Biosorbants 41012.2.1.1 Removal of Chromium 41112.2.1.2 Removal of Cadmium 41212.2.1.3 Removal of Zinc 41212.2.1.4 Removal of Copper 41312.2.1.5 Removal of Strontium, Uranium and Lead 41312.2.2 Agricultural Biomass as Biosorbents 41412.2.2.1 Removal of Nickel and Chromium 41512.2.2.2 Removal of Cadmium and Lead 41612.2.2.3 Removal of Copper and Zinc 41812.2.2.4 Removal of Other Metals: Fe (II), Mn(II), Va and Mo 41912.2.2.5 Removal of Nickel and Cobalt 41912.2.2.6 Removal of Uranium 42012.2.2.7 Other Biomaterials 42112.2.3 Biochar as Biosorbent 42212.3 Soil Amendments for Enhancement of Bioremediation 42312.4 Challenges & Future Prespectives 42412.4.1 Future Perspectives 42412.5 Conclusion 425References 42613 Sonochemistry for Water Remediation: Toward an Up-Scaled Continuous Technology 437Kaouther Kerboua and Oualid Hamdaoui13.1 Introduction 43813.2 Water Remediation Technologies: The Place of Ultrasound and Sonochemistry 43913.3 Continuous-Flow Sonochemistry: State-of-the-Art 45613.4 Perspectives for an Up-Scaled Continuous Sonochemical Technology for Water Remediation 460References 46114 Advanced Oxidation Technologies for the Treatment of Wastewater 469Pallavi Jain, Sapna Raghav and Dinesh Kumar14.1 Introduction 46914.2 Principle Involved 47114.3 Advanced Oxidation Process 47214.3.1 Fenton’s Reagent 47214.3.2 Peroxonation 47414.3.3 Sonolysis 47514.3.4 Ozonation 47614.3.5 Ultraviolet Radiation-Based AOP 47614.3.6 Photo-Fenton Process 47714.3.7 Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 47814.4 Perspectives and Recommendations 47814.5 Conclusions 479Acknowledgment 480References 48015 Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes 485D. Mohammady Maklavany, Z. Rouzitalab, S. Jafarinejad, Y. Mohammadpourderakhshi and A. Rashidi15.1 Introduction 48515.2 An Overview of Catalytic AOPs 48715.2.1 Fenton-Based Processes 48715.2.2 Catalytic Ozonation 48715.2.3 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 48915.2.4 Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) 49015.2.5 Catalytic Supercritical Water Oxidation (CSCWO) 49115.2.6 Persulfate Advanced Oxidation Processes (PS-AOPs) 49115.3 Recent Advances in Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts 49215.3.1 Morphologically Transformed Copper Oxide 49315.3.2 Supported Copper Oxide (CuOx/Support) 49415.3.3 Coupled Copper Oxide 49615.3.4 Doped Copper Oxide (X-Doped CuOx) 49715.4 Literature Review of Application of Copper Oxide-Based Catalysts for AOPs 49915.4.1 Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater 49915.4.2 Degradation of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater 50715.4.3 Degradation of Phenols in Wastewater 51015.4.4 Degradation of Other Toxic Organic Compounds in Wastewater 51415.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 514Acknowlegments 516References 51616 Biochar-Based Sorbents for Sequestration of Pharmaceutical Compounds: Considering the Main Parameters in the Adsorption Process 527Ali Khadir16.1 Introduction 52716.2 Adsorption Fundamentals 52916.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals 53016.3.1 Contact Time 53016.3.2 Effect of Initial pH 53316.3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage 53716.3.4 Effect of Temperature and Thermodynamic Parameters 53716.4 Isotherm Models 54216.5 Adsorption Kinetics 54816.6 Conclusion 553References 55417 Bioremediation of Agricultural Wastewater 565Shivani Garg, Nelson Pynadathu Rumjit, Paul Thomas and Chin Wei LaiAbbreviations 56517.1 Introduction 56617.2 Sources of Agricultural Wastewater 56617.3 Bioremediation Processes for Agricultural Wastewater Treatment 56717.3.1 Biological Treatment Processes 56817.3.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion Treatment 56817.3.1.2 Aerobic Wastewater Treatment 57017.3.2 Bioremediation of Pesticides 57317.3.3 Constructed Wetlands 57417.3.4 Riparian Buffer 57517.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 575Acknowledgements 576References 57618 Remediation of Toxic Contaminants in Water Using Agricultural Waste 581Arti Jain and Ritu Payal18.1 Introduction 58218.2 Components in Wastewater and Their Negative Impact 58318.3 Techniques for Remediation of Wastewater 58318.4 Agricultural Waste Materials 58418.4.1 Orange Peel 58518.4.2 Pomelo Peel 60518.4.3 Grapefruit Peel (GFP) 60518.4.4 Lemon Peels 60518.4.5 Banana Peel 60618.4.6 Jackfruit Peel 60618.4.7 Cassava Peel 60618.4.8 Pomegranate Peel 60718.4.9 Garlic Peel 60718.4.10 Palm Kernel Shell 60718.4.11 Coconut Shell 60718.4.12 Mangosteen 60818.4.13 Rice Husk 60818.4.14 Corncob 60818.5 Agricultural Waste-Assisted Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Wastewater Remediation Through Nanoparticles 60818.6 Adsorption Models for Adsorbents 60918.6.1 Langmuir Isotherm 60918.6.2 Freundlich Isotherm 61018.7 Conclusions 611References 61119 Remediation of Emerging Pollutants by Using Advanced Biological Wastewater Treatments 623S. Ghosh and S. Chakraborty19.1 Introduction 62419.2 Pharmaceutical Wastewater 62619.2.1 Occurrence and Potential Threats 62619.2.2 Advanced Biological Remediation 62619.3 Pesticide Contaminated Wastewater 62819.3.1 Source of Pollution With Environmental and Health Impacts 62819.3.2 Advanced Biological Treatments 62819.4 Surfactant Pollution 63219.4.1 Source and Impacts of Pollution 63219.4.2 Biological Remediation 63219.5 Microplastic Pollution 63419.5.1 Occurrence and Environmental Threats 63419.5.2 Proposed Remediation Strategies 63519.5.2.1 Microplastic Generation Source Control 63519.5.2.2 Mitigation Policies 63619.6 Endocrine Disrupters in Environment 63619.7 Remedies for Endocrine Disrupters 63719.8 Conclusion 637Acknowledgement 638References 638Index 645