MEHMET YAVAŞ Is Professor of Linguistics at Florida International University, USA. He has published numerous articles and books on applied phonology. Among those are Romance-Germanic Bilingual Phonology (2017) Unusual Productions in Phonology: Universals and Language-Specific Considerations (2015), Phonology: Development and Disorders (1998), First and Second Language Phonology (1994), Phonological Disorders in Children (1991) and Avaliacao fonologica da crianca (1990), a phonological assessment procedure for Brazilian Portuguese.

• Preface to Fourth Edition xNote to the Instructor xiAbout the Companion Website xiiAbbreviations xiiiChapter 1 Phonetics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Phonetic Transcription 11.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English 41.3.1 The vocal tract 41.3.2 Voicing 51.3.3 Places of articulation 61.3.4 Manners of articulation 71.3.5 Voice onset time 91.3.6 Vowels and diphthongs 121.4 Additional Sounds 131.4.1 States of the glottis 131.4.2 Places and manners of articulation 141.4.3 Secondary articulations 161.4.4 Consonants made with non‐pulmonic airstream mechanisms 181.4.5 Vowels 191.5 Cardinal Vowels 201.6 Syllables and Suprasegmentals 21Summary 25Exercises 25Chapter 2 Phonology 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution 322.2.1 Overlapping distribution and contrast 322.2.2 Complementary distribution 342.3 Phonemic Analysis: A Mini‐Demo 372.4 Free Variation 462.5 Morphophonology 472.6 Practical Uses of Phonological Analysis 49Summary 52Exercises 52Chapter 3 English Consonants 583.1 Stops 583.2 Fricatives 643.3 Affricates 673.4 Nasals 683.5 Approximants 703.6 Sociophonetic Variation 72Summary 74Exercises 74Chapter 4 English Vowels 794.1 Introduction 794.2 Vowel Set of American English 794.2.1 Phonetic properties of vowels 804.2.2 Tense–lax 814.2.3 Nasalized vowels 824.2.4 Length 824.2.5 Vowels before /ɹ̣/ 834.2.6 Vowels before /l/ 844.3 Front Vowels 854.4 Central Vowels 864.5 Back Vowels 864.6 Diphthongs 874.7 Sociophonetic Variation 904.8 Non‐US Varieties 914.9 Full Vowels–Reduced Vowels 934.10 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak) Forms of Function Words 95Summary 97Exercises 98Chapter 5 Acoustics of Vowels and Consonants 1025.1 Introduction 1025.2 Spectrographic Analysis 1045.3 Vowels and Diphthongs 1055.4 Consonants 1105.4.1 Obstruents 1105.4.2 Sonorant consonants 1185.5 Putting it Together 1215.6 Waveform Analysis 1245.7 Context 1395.8 Practical Applications: Some Examples 141Summary 144Exercises 147Chapter 6 Syllables 1536.1 Introduction 1536.2 Number of Syllables 1566.3 Sonority 1576.4 Syllabification 1596.5 English Syllable Phonotactics 1616.5.1 Single onsets 1626.5.2 Double onsets 1626.5.3 Triple onsets 1646.5.4 Codas 1656.5.5 Double codas 1656.5.6 Triple codas 1656.6 Written Syllabification 1696.7 Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity 1716.8 Practical Applications 173Summary 176Exercises 176Chapter 7 Stress and Intonation 1797.1 Introduction 1797.2 Noun and Adjective Stress 1807.3 Verb Stress 1837.4 Secondary Stress 1857.5 Affixes 1877.5.1 Stress‐bearing (attracting) suffixes 1887.5.2 Stress‐neutral suffixes 1887.5.3 Stress‐shifting (fixing) suffixes 1897.6 Stress in Compounds 1917.7 Differences between American and British English 1927.8 Intonation 1957.9 Variations among the Varieties 199Summary 200Exercises 201Chapter 8 Phonology of L1 2058.1 Introduction 2058.2 Pre‐linguistic Stage 2058.3 Babbling to the first words 2068.4 First 50 words 2078.5 Systematic Development and patterns of erroneous productions 2078.5.1 Syllable Structure Processes 2088.5.2 Substitution Processes 2098.5.3 Assimilation Processes 2108.5.4 Co‐occurrence of Processes 2128.5.5 Chronology of processes 2138.6 Optimality Theory 2138.7 Implications for Clinical treatment 221Summary 221Exercises 222Chapter 9 Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology 2259.1 Introduction 2259.2 Spanish–English Mini Contrastive Analysis 2299.3 Differential Treatment of Mismatches 2349.3.1 Basic vs. derived context 2359.3.2 Deflected contrast 2369.3.3 Hypercontrast 2379.4 Markedness 2379.5 Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM) 2449.6 Optimality Theory (OT) 2469.7 Perception 2499.8 Bilingual Phonology 2549.9 Loan Phonology 258Summary 260Appendix A 261Turkish–English 261Greek–English 262Arabic–English 264Korean–English 266Portuguese–English 267Appendix B 269Exercises 270Chapter 10 Spelling and Pronunciation 27310.1 Irregularity of English Spelling 27310.2 Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English 27510.2.1 Consonants 27510.2.2 Vowels 27910.3 Morphological Basis of English Spelling 28310.4 American English vs. British English 285Summary 287Exercises 288Recommended Readings 291Appendix: List of Sound Files 294Glossary 299References 307Index 319

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MEHMET YAVAŞ Is Professor of Linguistics at Florida International University, USA. He has published numerous articles and books on applied phonology. Among those are Romance-Germanic Bilingual Phonology (2017) Unusual Productions in Phonology: Universals and Language-Specific Considerations (2015), Phonology: Development and Disorders (1998), First and Second Language Phonology (1994), Phonological Disorders in Children (1991) and Avaliacao fonologica da crianca (1990), a phonological assessment procedure for Brazilian Portuguese.

• Preface to Fourth Edition xNote to the Instructor xiAbout the Companion Website xiiAbbreviations xiiiChapter 1 Phonetics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Phonetic Transcription 11.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English 41.3.1 The vocal tract 41.3.2 Voicing 51.3.3 Places of articulation 61.3.4 Manners of articulation 71.3.5 Voice onset time 91.3.6 Vowels and diphthongs 121.4 Additional Sounds 131.4.1 States of the glottis 131.4.2 Places and manners of articulation 141.4.3 Secondary articulations 161.4.4 Consonants made with non‐pulmonic airstream mechanisms 181.4.5 Vowels 191.5 Cardinal Vowels 201.6 Syllables and Suprasegmentals 21Summary 25Exercises 25Chapter 2 Phonology 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution 322.2.1 Overlapping distribution and contrast 322.2.2 Complementary distribution 342.3 Phonemic Analysis: A Mini‐Demo 372.4 Free Variation 462.5 Morphophonology 472.6 Practical Uses of Phonological Analysis 49Summary 52Exercises 52Chapter 3 English Consonants 583.1 Stops 583.2 Fricatives 643.3 Affricates 673.4 Nasals 683.5 Approximants 703.6 Sociophonetic Variation 72Summary 74Exercises 74Chapter 4 English Vowels 794.1 Introduction 794.2 Vowel Set of American English 794.2.1 Phonetic properties of vowels 804.2.2 Tense–lax 814.2.3 Nasalized vowels 824.2.4 Length 824.2.5 Vowels before /ɹ̣/ 834.2.6 Vowels before /l/ 844.3 Front Vowels 854.4 Central Vowels 864.5 Back Vowels 864.6 Diphthongs 874.7 Sociophonetic Variation 904.8 Non‐US Varieties 914.9 Full Vowels–Reduced Vowels 934.10 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak) Forms of Function Words 95Summary 97Exercises 98Chapter 5 Acoustics of Vowels and Consonants 1025.1 Introduction 1025.2 Spectrographic Analysis 1045.3 Vowels and Diphthongs 1055.4 Consonants 1105.4.1 Obstruents 1105.4.2 Sonorant consonants 1185.5 Putting it Together 1215.6 Waveform Analysis 1245.7 Context 1395.8 Practical Applications: Some Examples 141Summary 144Exercises 147Chapter 6 Syllables 1536.1 Introduction 1536.2 Number of Syllables 1566.3 Sonority 1576.4 Syllabification 1596.5 English Syllable Phonotactics 1616.5.1 Single onsets 1626.5.2 Double onsets 1626.5.3 Triple onsets 1646.5.4 Codas 1656.5.5 Double codas 1656.5.6 Triple codas 1656.6 Written Syllabification 1696.7 Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity 1716.8 Practical Applications 173Summary 176Exercises 176Chapter 7 Stress and Intonation 1797.1 Introduction 1797.2 Noun and Adjective Stress 1807.3 Verb Stress 1837.4 Secondary Stress 1857.5 Affixes 1877.5.1 Stress‐bearing (attracting) suffixes 1887.5.2 Stress‐neutral suffixes 1887.5.3 Stress‐shifting (fixing) suffixes 1897.6 Stress in Compounds 1917.7 Differences between American and British English 1927.8 Intonation 1957.9 Variations among the Varieties 199Summary 200Exercises 201Chapter 8 Phonology of L1 2058.1 Introduction 2058.2 Pre‐linguistic Stage 2058.3 Babbling to the first words 2068.4 First 50 words 2078.5 Systematic Development and patterns of erroneous productions 2078.5.1 Syllable Structure Processes 2088.5.2 Substitution Processes 2098.5.3 Assimilation Processes 2108.5.4 Co‐occurrence of Processes 2128.5.5 Chronology of processes 2138.6 Optimality Theory 2138.7 Implications for Clinical treatment 221Summary 221Exercises 222Chapter 9 Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology 2259.1 Introduction 2259.2 Spanish–English Mini Contrastive Analysis 2299.3 Differential Treatment of Mismatches 2349.3.1 Basic vs. derived context 2359.3.2 Deflected contrast 2369.3.3 Hypercontrast 2379.4 Markedness 2379.5 Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM) 2449.6 Optimality Theory (OT) 2469.7 Perception 2499.8 Bilingual Phonology 2549.9 Loan Phonology 258Summary 260Appendix A 261Turkish–English 261Greek–English 262Arabic–English 264Korean–English 266Portuguese–English 267Appendix B 269Exercises 270Chapter 10 Spelling and Pronunciation 27310.1 Irregularity of English Spelling 27310.2 Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English 27510.2.1 Consonants 27510.2.2 Vowels 27910.3 Morphological Basis of English Spelling 28310.4 American English vs. British English 285Summary 287Exercises 288Recommended Readings 291Appendix: List of Sound Files 294Glossary 299References 307Index 319

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MEHMET YAVAŞ Is Professor of Linguistics at Florida International University, USA. He has published numerous articles and books on applied phonology. Among those are Romance-Germanic Bilingual Phonology (2017) Unusual Productions in Phonology: Universals and Language-Specific Considerations (2015), Phonology: Development and Disorders (1998), First and Second Language Phonology (1994), Phonological Disorders in Children (1991) and Avaliacao fonologica da crianca (1990), a phonological assessment procedure for Brazilian Portuguese.

• Preface to Fourth Edition xNote to the Instructor xiAbout the Companion Website xiiAbbreviations xiiiChapter 1 Phonetics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Phonetic Transcription 11.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English 41.3.1 The vocal tract 41.3.2 Voicing 51.3.3 Places of articulation 61.3.4 Manners of articulation 71.3.5 Voice onset time 91.3.6 Vowels and diphthongs 121.4 Additional Sounds 131.4.1 States of the glottis 131.4.2 Places and manners of articulation 141.4.3 Secondary articulations 161.4.4 Consonants made with non‐pulmonic airstream mechanisms 181.4.5 Vowels 191.5 Cardinal Vowels 201.6 Syllables and Suprasegmentals 21Summary 25Exercises 25Chapter 2 Phonology 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution 322.2.1 Overlapping distribution and contrast 322.2.2 Complementary distribution 342.3 Phonemic Analysis: A Mini‐Demo 372.4 Free Variation 462.5 Morphophonology 472.6 Practical Uses of Phonological Analysis 49Summary 52Exercises 52Chapter 3 English Consonants 583.1 Stops 583.2 Fricatives 643.3 Affricates 673.4 Nasals 683.5 Approximants 703.6 Sociophonetic Variation 72Summary 74Exercises 74Chapter 4 English Vowels 794.1 Introduction 794.2 Vowel Set of American English 794.2.1 Phonetic properties of vowels 804.2.2 Tense–lax 814.2.3 Nasalized vowels 824.2.4 Length 824.2.5 Vowels before /ɹ̣/ 834.2.6 Vowels before /l/ 844.3 Front Vowels 854.4 Central Vowels 864.5 Back Vowels 864.6 Diphthongs 874.7 Sociophonetic Variation 904.8 Non‐US Varieties 914.9 Full Vowels–Reduced Vowels 934.10 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak) Forms of Function Words 95Summary 97Exercises 98Chapter 5 Acoustics of Vowels and Consonants 1025.1 Introduction 1025.2 Spectrographic Analysis 1045.3 Vowels and Diphthongs 1055.4 Consonants 1105.4.1 Obstruents 1105.4.2 Sonorant consonants 1185.5 Putting it Together 1215.6 Waveform Analysis 1245.7 Context 1395.8 Practical Applications: Some Examples 141Summary 144Exercises 147Chapter 6 Syllables 1536.1 Introduction 1536.2 Number of Syllables 1566.3 Sonority 1576.4 Syllabification 1596.5 English Syllable Phonotactics 1616.5.1 Single onsets 1626.5.2 Double onsets 1626.5.3 Triple onsets 1646.5.4 Codas 1656.5.5 Double codas 1656.5.6 Triple codas 1656.6 Written Syllabification 1696.7 Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity 1716.8 Practical Applications 173Summary 176Exercises 176Chapter 7 Stress and Intonation 1797.1 Introduction 1797.2 Noun and Adjective Stress 1807.3 Verb Stress 1837.4 Secondary Stress 1857.5 Affixes 1877.5.1 Stress‐bearing (attracting) suffixes 1887.5.2 Stress‐neutral suffixes 1887.5.3 Stress‐shifting (fixing) suffixes 1897.6 Stress in Compounds 1917.7 Differences between American and British English 1927.8 Intonation 1957.9 Variations among the Varieties 199Summary 200Exercises 201Chapter 8 Phonology of L1 2058.1 Introduction 2058.2 Pre‐linguistic Stage 2058.3 Babbling to the first words 2068.4 First 50 words 2078.5 Systematic Development and patterns of erroneous productions 2078.5.1 Syllable Structure Processes 2088.5.2 Substitution Processes 2098.5.3 Assimilation Processes 2108.5.4 Co‐occurrence of Processes 2128.5.5 Chronology of processes 2138.6 Optimality Theory 2138.7 Implications for Clinical treatment 221Summary 221Exercises 222Chapter 9 Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology 2259.1 Introduction 2259.2 Spanish–English Mini Contrastive Analysis 2299.3 Differential Treatment of Mismatches 2349.3.1 Basic vs. derived context 2359.3.2 Deflected contrast 2369.3.3 Hypercontrast 2379.4 Markedness 2379.5 Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM) 2449.6 Optimality Theory (OT) 2469.7 Perception 2499.8 Bilingual Phonology 2549.9 Loan Phonology 258Summary 260Appendix A 261Turkish–English 261Greek–English 262Arabic–English 264Korean–English 266Portuguese–English 267Appendix B 269Exercises 270Chapter 10 Spelling and Pronunciation 27310.1 Irregularity of English Spelling 27310.2 Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English 27510.2.1 Consonants 27510.2.2 Vowels 27910.3 Morphological Basis of English Spelling 28310.4 American English vs. British English 285Summary 287Exercises 288Recommended Readings 291Appendix: List of Sound Files 294Glossary 299References 307Index 319

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