Application of Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Catalysis

Professor Franklin Tao, Dept of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas. Professor Tao graduated from Princeton University and carried out his postdoctoral research at University of California-Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He has published about 190 research articles and is an elected fellow of AAAS (2017) and RSC (2014). He was on the advisory editorial boards or editorial boards of several journals, including Chemical Society Reviews and Catalysis Science & Technology.

• Preface ix1 From Surface of Model Catalyst in UHV to Surface of Nanoparticle Catalyst During Catalysis 12 Application of XPS: from Surface in UHV to Surface in Gas or Liquid Phase 72.1 Origin of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 72.2 Applications of XPS to Study Surface in High Vacuum 82.3 Applications of XPS to Study Sample in Gas Phase 82.4 Applications of XPS to Study Sample in Liquid Phase 83 Fundamentals of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 193.1 Principle of XPS 193.2 Generation of X-ray 323.3 Excitation of Photoelectron and Chemical Shift 363.4 Measurements of Energy of Photoelectrons 483.5 Measurements of Intensity of Photoelectrons 494 Instrumentation of XPS 514.1 Regular X-ray Source 514.2 X-ray Source with a Monochromator 534.3 Energy Analyzer 584.4 Detector 635 Significance and Challenge of Studying Surface of a Catalyst in Gaseous Phase 675.1 Origin of Difference between Surface in UHV and Surface in Reactant Gas 675.2 Intrinsic Feature of Catalytic Sites on Surface: Environmental Sensitivity 685.3 Ex Situ, Semi-in Situ, and In Situ/Operando Studies of Catalyst Surface at Ambient Pressure of Reactants 695.4 Ex Situ, Semi-in Situ, and In Situ/Operando Studies of Catalyst Structure at High Pressure 765.5 Technical Challenges in Studying Surface of a Catalyst in Gas Phase 776 Instrumentation of Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer 816.1 X-ray Source for AP-XPS Studies 816.2 Reaction Cell with Capability of Flowing Gas 876.3 Differential Pumping Energy Analyzer with High Transmission 966.4 Mass Spectrometer with Capability of Measurement of Catalytic Performance 977 Experimental Methods of AP-XPS Studies 1037.1 Leak Test of Reaction Cell 1037.2 Exclusion of Catalysis by Reaction Cell 1037.3 Tunning and Control of Sample-Aperture Distance 1047.4 Sample Heating and Temperature Control 1087.5 Online Measurement of Reactants and Products 1087.6 Spectroscopic Titration of Surface Species 1108 Difference in Data Analysis Between AP-XPS and High Vacuum XPS 1138.1 Potential Difference in Measuring Atomic Ratio of Two Elements on Catalyst Surface 1138.2 Difference in Intensity of Photoelectrons Collected by Energy Analyzer 1148.3 Difference in Resolution and Baseline of Spectrum 1148.4 Difference in Spectrum between Free Molecules in Gas and Adsorbed Molecules on Surface 1168.5 Calibration of Nominal Atomic Ratio A/Z of a Catalyst Surface in a Pure Gas 1188.6 Calibration of Nominal Atomic Ratio A/Z of a Catalyst Surface in a Mixture of Reactants 1228.7 Calibration of Nominal Atomic Ratio A/Z of a Catalyst Surface in a Pure Gas Obtained at Different Temperature for Fair Comparison 1239 Significance of Using AP-XPS in Studies of Catalysis 1279.1 Fundamental of Catalyst Surface 1279.2 Significance of Characterization of Surface of a Catalyst in Gas Phase 1289.3 Significance of Using AP-XPS in Fundamental Studies of Catalysis 12910 CO Oxidation on Single Crystal Model Catalysts 13110.1 Pt(557) and Pt(332) in CO 13110.2 CO Oxidation on Pd(100), Pd(111), and Pd(110) 13610.3 CO Oxidation on Pt(110) and Pt(111) 14410.4 CO Oxidation on Rh(110) 14910.5 CO Oxidation on Cu(111) 15311 CO Oxidation on High Surface Area Catalysts 15711.1 CO Oxidation on Rh Nanoparticles 15711.2 CO Oxidation on Ru Nanoparticles 16112 Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide 16513 Water--Gas Shift 17113.1 Co3O4 and Pt/Co3O4 17113.2 Pt, Au, Pd, and Cu Supported on CeO2 Nanorods 17513.3 CuO--Cr2O3--Fe2O3 17914 Complete Oxidation of Methane 18514.1 Complete Oxidation of Methane on NiCo2O4 18514.2 Complete Oxidation of Methane on NiFe2O4 18814.3 Complete Oxidation of Methane on NiO with Different Surface Structures 19515 Partial Oxidation of Methanol 20315.1 Partial Oxidation of Methanol on Pd1Zn3/ZnO 20315.2 Partial Oxidation of Methanol on Ir1Zn3/ZnO 20716 Partial Oxidation of Methane 21116.1 Partial Oxidation of Methane on Pd/CeO2 21116.2 Partial Oxidation of Methane on Pt/CeO2 21516.3 Partial Oxidation of Methane on Rh/CeO2 21817 Oxidative Coupling of Methane 22317.1 OCM on Supported Na2WO4 and Hypothesized Active Phase Na2O2 22317.2 First Observation of Na2O2 through AP-XPS Studies at 800 °C 22417.3 Formation of a Thin Layer of Na2O2 Supported on Na2WO4 22718 Dry and Steam Reforming of Methane 23118.1 Dry Reforming of CH4 on CeO2 Anchored with Ni1 and Ru1 Sites 23118.2 Steam Reforming of CH4 on CeO2 Anchored with Ni1 and Ru1 Single-atom Sites 23719 Reduction of NO with CO 24319.1 Reduction of NO with CO on Co3O4 24319.2 Reduction of NO with CO on Rh1Co3 Clusters Supported on CoO 24720 Tuning Catalyst Surfaces for Developing Catalysts 25320.1 Capability of Compositional Restructuring Checkable with AP-XPS 25320.2 Tracking Restructuring of Bimetallic Surface under Reaction and Catalytic Conditions for Tuning Catalytic Performance of a Bimetallic Catalyst 25521 Photocatalysis 263References 268Index 271