Antibiotics - Therapeutic Spectrum and Limitations

Dr. Amal Kumar Dhara has over 27 years of teaching and research experience in Pharmacology and Toxicology, with expertise in neuropharmacology, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, and free radical scavenging activities of Indian medicinal plants. He earned his PhD in Pharmaceutical Sciences from Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Dr. Dhara currently serves as Head of the Department (Pharmacy) at Contai Polytechnic, Government of West Bengal, India. He has previously worked as a Production Executive at M/S Deys Medical Stores Mfg (UP) Ltd., Uttar Pradesh, for over three years. Dr. Dhara has authored more than ten research and review papers in reputed journals, along with fifteen book chapters and five books. He has presented his work at national and international conferences and is a life member of the Indian Pharmaceutical Association and Indian Pharmacological Society, as well as a registered pharmacist. Dr. Amit Kumar Nayak (MPharm, PhD) is working as a professor, at the Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Odisha, India. He has earned his PhD from IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has over 14 years of research experiences in the field of pharmaceutics, especially in the development and characterization of novel biopolymeric and nanostructured drug delivery systems. Till date, he has authored more than 138 research and review publications in various high-impact peer-reviewed journals and 135 book chapters. He has edited/authored 23 international books to his credit. Dr. Nayak has presented his research work at several conferences. He has received University Foundation Day Research Award, 2019 and 2022 by Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Odisha. Dr. Nayak is a life member of the Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India (APTI) and a registered pharmacist.Dr. Debprasad Chattopadhyay (PhD) has over 38 years of research experience in the field of Microbiology, Virology, Traditional Medicine, Ethnomedicine, and Molecular Medicine in identifying nature-based leads against difficult-to-treat diseases through documentation and validation of purity, safety, and potency (PSP) of traditional practices of Indian tribes with mode or molecular mechanism of action. He is currently the editor of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Pharmacology, editorial board member of the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, and reviewer of more than 40 peer-reviewed journals. He is the recipient of several awards such as Outstanding Ethnopharmacologist (2016), Best Science Communicator (2009), Amiya Bose Oration (2008), R.V. Rajam Endowment of IMA 1998, and International Society of Chemotherapy Young Scientist 1991.

• ContributorsPrefaceIIntroduction1. Introduction to antibiotic therapyAmal Kumar Dhara and Amit Kumar Nayak1 Introduction2 Bacterial infection3 Antibiotic era4 Challenges in the development of antibiotics5 Classes of antibiotics and their therapeutic spectrum6 β-Lactam antibiotics7 Aminoglycoside antibiotics8 Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines9 Macrolide antibiotics10 Lincosamide and glycopeptide antibiotics11 Polypeptide antibiotics12 Antifungal antibiotics13 Antitubercular antibiotics14 Toxicity of antibiotics15 Antimicrobial resistance16 Prospect of probiotics and natural products17 ConclusionReferencesIIMicrobial infection and antibiotics development2. Bacterial infections: Types and pathophysiologyV.T. Anju, Siddhardha Busi, Mahima S. Mohan, and Madhu Dyavaiah1 Infection: An overview2 Bacterial infections and mechanism of pathogenesis3 Types of bacterial infections and pathophysiology4 ConclusionsReferences3. Antibiotics role in past and present: A challenge to find new possibilites in developmentKumar Bhavna, Deepika Raina, Shradha Singh Raghav, Manmohan Singhal, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Samir Bhargava, and Abhijeet Ojha1 Introduction2 Mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics3 Antimicrobial chemotherapy4 The golden era of antibiotics5 ConclusionReferences4. Challenges in the development of novel antibioticsDavid Elder1 Introduction2 Target product profiles for new antibacterials3 Developing novel antibiotics4 Case studies: Development of novel antibiotics5 The role of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in developing new antibiotics6 ConclusionsReferencesIIIAntibiotics and therapeutics5. Beta-lactam antibioticsCarlos Barreiro, Sonia Martı´nez-Ca´mara, Carlos Garcı´a-Estrada, Manuel de la Torre, and Jose L. Barredo1 Introduction2 Beta-lactam antibiotics: Types, structure, and mechanism of action3 Penicillins and cephalosporins: Discovery and biosynthetic pathways4 Resistances: Mechanism and clinical relevance5 Omics in the development of beta-lactams6 Future outlookAcknowledgmentsReferences6. Aminoglycoside antibioticsJulia Revuelta and Agatha Bastida1 Introduction2 Targeting RNA with AGAs3 Aminoglycoside resistance4 Toxicity5 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics6 Development of second-generation AGAs7 Aminoglycoside-based biomaterials8 Outlook and future perspectivesReferences7. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline (broad spectrum antibiotics)Manmohan Singhal, Mohit Agrawal, Kumar Bhavna, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Samir Bhargava, Komal Satish Gondkar, Kumud Joshi, Vijay Singh Rana, Jagannath Sahoo, and Mandeep Kumar Arora1 Introduction2 Tetracyclins3 Mode of action of tetracyclines4 Tetracycline resistance with mechanisms in biochemistry and genetics5 Chloramphenicol6 Structural-activity relationship7 Chloramphenicol resistance8 Combination effect of chloramphenicol with other antibiotics9 ConclusionFurther reading8. Macrolide antibioticsManmohan Singhal, Mohit Agrawal, Kumar Bhavna, Komal Satish Gondkar, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Kumud Joshi, Ritik Kumar, Uddipak Rai, Samir Bhargava, and Vijay Singh Rana1 Introduction2 The binding site of macrolide3 Mode of action4 Classification of macrolide antibiotics5 Administration6 Side effects7 Contradictions8 Monitoring9 Toxicity10 Resistance11 ConclusionFurther reading9. Lincosamide and glycopeptide antibioticsIjaz Hussain, Tania Jabbar, Asma Naureen, Sadaf-Ul-Hassan, Amjad Hussain, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Naseem Abbas, and Syed Ali Raza Naqvi1 Introduction2 Structures of lincosamides and glycopeptides antibiotics3 Mechanism of action4 Bacterial resistance5 Semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotics6 Biological activity and medicinal importance7 ConclusionReferences10. Antimicrobial lipopeptides: Multifaceted designs to curb antimicrobial resistanceSudip Mukherjee, Rajib Dey, Yash Acharya, and Jayanta Haldar1 Introduction2 Naturally occurring lipopeptide antimicrobials3 Semisynthetic glycolipopeptides4 Synthetically designed lipopeptide antimicrobials5 Conclusion and future outlookReferences11. Antifungal compounds: With special emphasis on echinocandins, polyenes, and heterocyclic benzofuransD. Sampritha Devi, Megh Bose, and Regina Sharmila Dass1 Introduction2 Polyenes3 Echinocandins4 Heterocyclic benzofurans5 ConclusionReferencesFurther reading12. Antibiotics in the management of tuberculosis and cancerNiranjan Koirala, Monica Butnariu, Mamata Panthi, Roshani Gurung, Sundar Adhikari, Romit Kumar Subba, Zenisha Acharya, and Jelena Popovic-Djordjevic1 Introduction to antibiotics, tuberculosis, and cancer2 Antibiotics in the management of tuberculosis3 Antibiotics in the management of cancer4 Recent advances in the antibiotics discovery for tuberculosis: Biotechnology perspectives5 Recent advances in the antibiotics discovery for cancer: Biotechnology perspectives6 Conclusion and future perspectiveReferencesFurther readingIVToxicity and antibiotic resistance13. Toxicity consideration of antibioticsSameh S. Ali, Asmaa Ali, Tamer Elsamahy, Kamal M. Okasha, and Jianzhong Sun1 Introduction2 Mechanism of antibiotic toxicity3 Risk factors influencing antibiotic toxicity4 Common features of antibiotic toxicity5 Consideration to avoid antibiotic toxicity6 ConclusionReferences14. Rational use of antibiotics—Save antibiotics for future generationsIndira P. Sarethy, Nidhi Srivastava, Swapnil Chaturvedi, Nidhi Chauhan, and Michael Danquah1 Introduction2 Antimicrobial drug resistance overview3 Global burden of antibiotics in different sectors4 Cause of spread of antimicrobial drug resistance5 Global impact of unsustainable management6 Steps required for saving antibiotics for future generations7 Currently active National Action Plans on AMR8 Future prospects and conclusionsConsent for publicationConflict of interestAcknowledgmentsReferences15. Combined use of antibioticsJinli Wang, Jinwu Meng, Jinyue Zhu, Siya Li, Tianxin Qiu, Wenjia Wang, Jinxue Ding, Kun Li, and Jiaguo Liu1 Introduction2 Combination antibiotics therapy for multidrug-resistant bacteria3 Combinations of antibiotics with Class Ia antibiotic adjuvants4 Combined use of antibiotics with Class Ib adjuvants5 Combined use of antibiotics with Class II adjuvants6 Future perspectivesReferences16. Antibiotic resistance—A global crisisZeuko’o Menkem Elisabeth1 Introduction2 Antibiotic resistance3 Causes of antibiotic resistance4 Management of antibiotic resistance5 ConclusionReferences17. Traditional medicine in the management of microbial infections as antimicrobials: Pros and consJoyeta Ghosh, Partha Palit, Subhasish Maity, Vedprakash Dwivedi, Jyoti Das, Chittaranjan Sinha, and Debprasad Chattopadhyay1 Introduction2 Data synthesis3 Mother nature: The pharmacopeia of the living kingdom4 Role of TM in infection management5 Traditional medicine on fungal infection6 TM against viruses7 TM in protozoal infections8 Potential of TM-based future antimicrobials9 Conclusion and future directionAcknowledgmentReferencesVOthers18. Quinolones as antimicrobial and antiresistance agentsKadja Luana Chagas Monteiro, Marcone Gomes dos Santos Alc^antara, Nathalia Monteiro Lins Freire, Thiago Mendonc¸a de Aquino, and Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Ju´nior1 An overview of quinolones and their structureactivity relationship2 Pharmacology and clinical uses3 Mode of action4 Mode of resistance5 Quinolone-topoisomerase interactions6 The state of the art in the basic research for new quinolones7 Modulation of resistance: NorA efflux pump and MRSA8 ConclusionReferences19. Herbal drugs as antibioticsShabihul Fatma Sayed1 Introduction2 What is the need for herbal antibiotics?3 Therapeutic effects of herbs4 Herbs for their Antibiotic actions5 Herbal drugs as antibiotics in respiratory ailments6 ConclusionAcknowledgmentsReferences20. Challenges for use of antibiotics in pediatric and geriatric populationKumar Bhavna, Komal Satish Gondkar, Priyanshu Kumar, Uddipak Rai, Manmohan Singhal, Vijay Singh Rana, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Samir Bhargava, Mandeep Kumar Arora, Abhijeet Ojha, and Anuj Nautiyal1 Introduction2 Considerations3 Absorption4 Distribution5 Metabolism6 Elimination7 Pharmacodynamics properties of antibiotics used in both pediatric and geriatric patients8 Adverse drug reaction and adverse drug events9 Antibiotic allergy10 Medication errors11 Off-label antibiotic usage12 Parents’ role13 Prescriber role14 Discussion15 ConclusionReferences21. Role of antibiotics in hospital-acquired infections and community-acquired infectionsTuhina Banerjee, Swati Sharma, and Pue Rakshit1 Introduction2 Antibiotics: The magic bullets3 Which came first? Antibiotics or AMR?4 Antimicrobial resistance: A global challenge5 Colonization to infection: Understanding the basics6 Hospital and community: Two different ecosystems7 Hospital-acquired infections: An introduction8 Community-acquired infections (CAI): An introduction9 When not to use antibiotics?10 Challenges in implementation of rational antibiotic use policies and practices in LMIC11 Preventive strategies against antibiotic misuse12 ConclusionsReferences22. Adult sepsis as an emerging hospitalacquired infection: Challenges and solutionsPuneet Gandhi and Parkhi Shrivastava1 Introduction2 Why is sepsis the most precarious HAI3 Challenges in the diagnosis of sepsis4 Treatment challenges5 Clinical conditions compromising sepsis outcome6 Tackling the challenges7 ConclusionReferences23. Probiotics: A solution to the prevention of antimicrobial resistanceChit Laa Poh, Kanwal Khalid, and Hui Xuan Lim1 Introduction2 Mechanisms of probiotic action3 Antimicrobial activity of probiotics4 Modulation of immune responses5 ConclusionReferences24. Role of modern drug delivery in antibiotic therapyBulu Mohanta, Amit Kumar Nayak, and Amal Kumar Dhara1 Introduction2 Nanotechnological approaches for antibiotic delivery3 Stimuli-responsive antibiotic drug delivery4 Localized implantable antibiotic drug-delivery5 ConclusionReferences25. Antibiotic residues in foodZeuko’o Menkem Elisabeth1 Introduction2 Classes of antibiotics used in aquaculture (fish), agriculture (plant), poultry, and livestock (animal)3 Laboratory testing of antibiotic residues4 Antibiotic residues in food: Fish, plant, and animal foods5 Health consequences of antibiotic residues6 Management of antibiotic residues7 ConclusionReferences26. Clinical trials, regulatory considerations, and market overview of antibioticsSamir Bhargava, N.V. Satheesh Madhav, Amal Kumar Dhara, Ashish R. Dwivedi, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, Devendra Kumar, Manmohan Singhal, Shyamali Thakur, Shraddha Manish Gupta, Kumar Bhavna, Anuj Nautiyal, Abhijeet Ojha, and Vijay Singh Rana1 Introduction2 Classification of antibiotics3 The US regulator (Food and Drug Administration)4 Different applications submitted at US-FDA5 Antibacterial susceptibility test interpretive criteria of FDA6 Role of clinical trials and FDA in antibiotic development7 Natural product-based antibiotic discovery8 Market overview of antibiotics9 ConclusionReferencesIndex