Efraim Karsh is Emeritus Professor of Middle East and Mediterranean Studies at King’s College London and Former Director of the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. He is the author of 16 books including Palestine Betrayed (2011), Empires of the Sand (2001), Islamic Imperialism: A History (2013), Arafat’s War (2007), and Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography (2007).Efrat Aviv is Associate Professor of History at Bar-Ilan University specializing in Turkish history and politics. She is the author of Antisemitism and Anti-Zionism in Turkey from Ottoman Rule to the AKP (Routledge, 2017) among other books.