Maria Pagès Rovira specializes in Spanish animation, holding a PhD in Animation from Universitat de Vic‑UCC. She teaches 2D Animation in Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, and she is a member of the Research Group Dicode in the Centre de la Imatge i la Tecnologia Multimèdia.

• 1. Introduction, 2. From Trick Films to Cels (1906-1915): Early Spanish Animation, 3. The Arrival of American Techniques (1915-1939): Advertising Introduces Factory Production-Line Routines, 4. The Golden Age of Spanish Animation (1939-1951), 5. From Short Production to Long-Form Animated Film (1945-1952), 6. The Decline of Feature Films and the Emergence of Contemporary Advertising Strategies (1952-1966), 7. Television, Inner Market, and Underground Economy (1966-1975), 8. The Opposing Ways to Face Outsourcing in the 1960s and 1970s: Cruz Delgado Studio and Filman, 9. The Resurgence of Regional Autonomy in the Post-Dictatorship Era and the Basque Production after 1975, 10. Final Splendor of Spanish Traditional Animation (1975-1990), 11. Maite Ruiz de Austri, a Fruitful Director, 12. Hybridization of 2D and 3D: Studios and Periodization, 13. Women Association and Government Subsidies: Looking for Equality, 14. Conclusions, Appendix 1. Interview with Carles and Jordi Grangel (Grangel Studio), Appendix 2. Discussion Session with Isabel Herguera, Director of Sultana’s Dream (2023)

Maria Pagès Rovira specializes in Spanish animation, holding a PhD in Animation from Universitat de Vic‑UCC. She teaches 2D Animation in Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, and she is a member of the Research Group Dicode in the Centre de la Imatge i la Tecnologia Multimèdia.

• 1. Introduction, 2. From Trick Films to Cels (1906-1915): Early Spanish Animation, 3. The Arrival of American Techniques (1915-1939): Advertising Introduces Factory Production-Line Routines, 4. The Golden Age of Spanish Animation (1939-1951), 5. From Short Production to Long-Form Animated Film (1945-1952), 6. The Decline of Feature Films and the Emergence of Contemporary Advertising Strategies (1952-1966), 7. Television, Inner Market, and Underground Economy (1966-1975), 8. The Opposing Ways to Face Outsourcing in the 1960s and 1970s: Cruz Delgado Studio and Filman, 9. The Resurgence of Regional Autonomy in the Post-Dictatorship Era and the Basque Production after 1975, 10. Final Splendor of Spanish Traditional Animation (1975-1990), 11. Maite Ruiz de Austri, a Fruitful Director, 12. Hybridization of 2D and 3D: Studios and Periodization, 13. Women Association and Government Subsidies: Looking for Equality, 14. Conclusions, Appendix 1. Interview with Carles and Jordi Grangel (Grangel Studio), Appendix 2. Discussion Session with Isabel Herguera, Director of Sultana’s Dream (2023)

Maria Pagès Rovira specializes in Spanish animation, holding a PhD in Animation from Universitat de Vic‑UCC. She teaches 2D Animation in Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, and she is a member of the Research Group Dicode in the Centre de la Imatge i la Tecnologia Multimèdia.

• 1. Introduction, 2. From Trick Films to Cels (1906-1915): Early Spanish Animation, 3. The Arrival of American Techniques (1915-1939): Advertising Introduces Factory Production-Line Routines, 4. The Golden Age of Spanish Animation (1939-1951), 5. From Short Production to Long-Form Animated Film (1945-1952), 6. The Decline of Feature Films and the Emergence of Contemporary Advertising Strategies (1952-1966), 7. Television, Inner Market, and Underground Economy (1966-1975), 8. The Opposing Ways to Face Outsourcing in the 1960s and 1970s: Cruz Delgado Studio and Filman, 9. The Resurgence of Regional Autonomy in the Post-Dictatorship Era and the Basque Production after 1975, 10. Final Splendor of Spanish Traditional Animation (1975-1990), 11. Maite Ruiz de Austri, a Fruitful Director, 12. Hybridization of 2D and 3D: Studios and Periodization, 13. Women Association and Government Subsidies: Looking for Equality, 14. Conclusions, Appendix 1. Interview with Carles and Jordi Grangel (Grangel Studio), Appendix 2. Discussion Session with Isabel Herguera, Director of Sultana’s Dream (2023)