Animals of the surface film

Marjorie Guthrie was brought up in Liverpool and went to Newnham College, Cambridge, graduating in 1948. She returned to Liverpool for her PhD, for which she recorded the protozoans of salt marshes. Appointed as a lecturer in the zoology department at Leicester University, Marjorie balanced a heavy teaching load on subjects from physiology to palaeontology with continuing her ecological research at the Ferry House laboratory of the Freshwater Biological Association on Lake Windermere. She retired to the Lake District, where she wrote Animals of the Surface Film (1989). She and her husband Simon would set off with waders and collecting pots to sample remote ponds in search of water boatmen or the endangered medicinal leech. Her conservation work as a volunteer for the Cumbria Wildlife Trust was recognised in 2013 with the award of a Badger's Paw. She died in that year.Peter Hayward began his career as a scientific assistant at the Natural History Museum, where he was introduced to his lifelong specialism, marine bryzoa or sea-mats. He read zoology with geology at Reading University, thence to University of Wales, Swansea as research student, gaining PhD in population biology and taxonomy of sea-mats. He is now a senior lecturer at the university, and authority on bryzoa worldwide from Antarctic to coral reefs. Author with Professor John Ryland of four volumes on marine bryzoa in Linnaean Society Synopses series. Co-ordinator of the popular Collins Pocket Guide to the Seashore, co-editor and contributor to the Handbook of the Marine Fauna of north-west Europe (1995), as well as the Naturalists' Handbooks on seaweed and sandy shore habitats. Zoological editor of Journal of Natural History.

• IntroductionThe nature of surface forcesHow animals exploit surface forcesThe surface communityPollutionidentification: I Animals found at the water surface; II Insects; IIA Springtails; IIB Water bugs; IIC Adult water beetles; IID Families of adult flies of neustonic habits; IIE Fly larvae; IIF Fly pupae; III Microscopic Crustacea; IV Spiders and mites; V Protozoa.Guide to some rotifersTechniques and approaches to original work.Some useful addresses; References and further reading.