Alexander Kokhanovsky, PhD, is a scientist at the Department of Geography, Marburg University, Germany. He has authored over 350 scientific publications and is the author or editor of six books.Vijay Natraj, PhD, is a scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology (JPL), USA. His research focuses on polarization, aerosol and cloud modeling, fast radiative transfer computations, and information theoretical analysis.Dmitry Efremenko, PhD, is scientist at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). His research is focused on remote sensing of atmospheric processes.

• Preface ixAcknowledgments xi1 Introduction 11.1 Historical Background 11.2 What Is Radiative Transfer About and What Is It Good For? 61.3 Phenomenological Radiative Transfer 71.4 Microphysical Approach 81.5 Atmospheric Remote Sensing 101.6 Radiative Transfer Models in Atmospheric Remote Sensing 131.7 Electromagnetic Spectrum 151.8 Why Do We Need Analytical Models in Radiative Transfer? 171.9 Radiative Transfer and Climate Modeling 191.10 Remote Sensing of Trace Gases 211.11 Remote Sensing of Clouds 241.12 Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosol 262 Radiative Transfer Equation 292.1 Introduction to Radiative Transfer Theory 292.2 Formulation of the RTE 302.3 RTE with Thermal Source 342.4 Optical Thickness and Single-scattering Albedo 352.5 Single-scattering Phase Function 362.6 Orders of Scattering 392.7 One-dimensional RTE 412.8 Formal Solution of the RTE 422.9 RTE for Azimuthal Harmonics of the Intensity 432.10 Radiance Moments 452.11 Light Reflection from Layered Media 463 Optically Thin Media and Media with Strongly Anisotropic Scattering 493.1 Single-scattering Approximation 493.2 Second-order Scattering Approximation 523.3 Small-angle Approximation 574 Semi-infinite Media 634.1 Milne Problem 634.2 Light in Deep Layers of Semi-infinite Turbid Media 654.3 Light Reflection from Semi-infinite Media 704.3.1 Invariant Imbedding 704.3.2 H-functions 724.3.3 Nonabsorbing Media 734.3.4 Weakly Absorbing Media 755 Optically Thick Media 795.1 Nonabsorbing Media 795.2 Weakly Absorbing Media 815.3 Optically Thick Turbid Media with an Arbitrary Level ofLight Absorption 835.4 Asymptotic Equations 916 Turbid Media with Arbitrary Optical Thickness 936.1 Sobolev Approximation 936.2 Two-stream Approximation 996.3 Four-stream Approximation 1056.4 The Spherical Harmonics Method 1116.5 Phase Function Truncation Methods 1127 Radiative Transfer in Gaseous Absorption Bands 1177.1 k-Distribution and Correlated-k Methods 1177.2 Exponential Sum Fitting of Transmittances 1197.3 Spectral Mapping 1207.4 Optimal Spectral Sampling 1217.5 Double-k, Linear-k, and Low-streams Interpolation Techniques 1227.6 Computations in a Broad Spectral Range: 400–2500 nm 1267.7 Concept of Dimensionality Reduction 1307.8 Principal Component Analysis of Spectral Radiances 1317.9 Principal Component Analysis for Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 1347.10 Principal Component Analysis of Optical Parameters 1357.11 Neural Networks 138A Legendre Polynomials 143B Computations of Local Optical Parameters 145Bibliography 155Index 167

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